ICEWORLDS2010VERSION(SUBTITLES) REVISED:JULY26,2013

SCENE TIME SCRIPT

00:00 WelcometoIceWorlds,atouroftheicylandscapesofoursolarsystem-especiallyourhomeplanetEarth.TheInternationalPolarYearhasfocusedattentiononmeasuringchangesatthepolesofourownplanetandondeterminingwhythesechangesoccur.WewillexploretheiceonEarthandontheothericeworldsinoursolarsystemtounderstandwhyEarth'spolesarechanging,andtodeterminetherolethaticeplaysinthefutureofourworld.

TITLES OPENINGTITLES

00:30 ICEWORLDS

00:49 Earthhastwopolarcaps.Thisonecoversthenorthernpartoftheplanet,thearcticregion.Itisahugeicecoveredocean,surroundedbyland.

01:02 Submarinescaneasilytravelbeneathit.Recentstudiesindicatethatasustainedthinningandshrinkageofthisicecapisunderway.

01:17 Insummer,somecrafthavesurfacedattheNorthPoleitself.It'sevenpossiblethatbythemiddleofthecenturytherewillbenoicehereatallduringlatesummer.Majorchangesarehappeninginthearcticandscientistsarewatchingclosely.

01:35 AttheEarth'sSouthPoleavasticesheetcoversthehugecontinentofAntarcticawhichissurroundedbytheSouthernOcean.

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01:54 UnbrokenbyotherlandmassesanddrivenbypowerfulwindsthetripacrossthisoceantoAntarcticaisoneoftheroughestoceanpassagesintheworld.

02:07 AroundtheedgeofAntarcticagreaticeriversoficecalledglaciersflowouttothesea,drainingtheinlandicesheet.SomeofthelastunexploredlandonEarthliesburiedunderthisblanketofice.

02:23 Mountainsandevenvolcanoespeekthroughandhintatthediversegeologyhiddenbeneath.

02:36 Specializedinstrumentshavepenetratedthetwoandahalfkilometersoficetoallowustoglimpseapictureofthislostworld.

02:49 It'salandasbigastheUnitedStateswithmountainsandevenlakesandrivers.

03:03 InthisdryvalleyinAntarcticawindpatternsandmountainshavepreventedicefromaccumulating.Herewecansteponpristineland,walkingonasurfacethathaschangedverylittleinthousandsofyears.

03:20 WeknowthatEarthisnottheonlyplanetthatcanbelockedinacoldembrace.ThislookslikeAntarcticabutit'sactuallyMars,acolddrydesertthathasbeeninthegripofaniceageformillionsofyears.

03:40 AtitsPolestherearegreataccumulationsofwaterandcarbondioxideice.

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03:46 Extensivelayeringoftheicesuggestsregularpatternsofchangeoverextendedperiodsoftime.

03:55 In2008thePhoenixspacecraftsuccessfullylandedintheMartianArctic.Itdetectedfallingsnowaswinterapproached.ThespacecraftalsodetectedchemicalcompoundsfavorablefortheexistenceofmicrobiallifeonMars.

04:16 Thisisacomet,adustyballoficeuptoahundredandsixtykilometersacross.AsitapproachestheSuntheicevaporizes,fillingspacewithahugetrail.Scientistshavespeculatedthatcometsfurnishedtheearlyearthwithhalfitswaterandperhapsevenmorecomplexchemicals.

04:41 CometscomefrombeyondMars.HereinthecoldouterregionsoftheSolarSystemweencountersomeofthestrangesticeworlds.

04:55 Europaisaplanet-sizedmoonofJupiter.Itsicysurfaceshowssignsofrecentcrackingandrefreezingandmaybeevenfloating.

05:09 Beneaththisfrozencrusttheremaybeanoceanofliquidwater.

05:14 Futurespacecraftwilltrytoprobeitsdepths.

05:24 AnotherfrozenmoonisSaturn'sEnceladus.TheCassiniSpacecrafthasimagedfantasticfountainsofvaporshootingoutfromitssouthernpole.

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05:37 SmallerthanEuropa,itstillmightharborawateryinterior,andthefountainssuggestthatsomemechanismiskeepingitwarmenoughtovent.

05:52 VaporfromEnceladusmightbehelpingformpartofSaturn'sringsystem.Ithasbeenknownforsometimenowthatthemainringsareformedofcar-sizedchunksofwaterice.Theirageandoriginthoughremainamystery.

06:10 EvenmoremysteriousisTitan,amoonofSaturnasbigastheplanetMercury.We'redroppingthroughitsmethanecloudswiththeHuygensLander.ThisisaworldthatresemblestheearlyEarthbutinadeepfreeze.

06:28 Becauseoftheextremecold,iceactslikerockonTitan.ThereareIcemountains,volcanoes,andpossiblyevenmethanesnow.Lakesofnaturalgascovervastareasandthischemicalbrothmayharborsomeofthemostexcitingfindsforfutureexplorers.

06:48 Anothergiantmoon,TritonorbitsNeptune.Fountainingfromitsicysurfacearegiantninekilometerhighgeysers.Someunknownmechanismcausesthemtobeblownoverbyalmostninetydegrees.

07:07 NASA'sLCROSSmissionrecentlydiscoveredthatEarth'snearestneighborhasicehiddendeepinpermanentshadowsatitssouthpole.ANASAradarinstrumentonanIndianMoonprobehasalsofoundoversixhundredmillionmetrictonsofwatericeonthebottomsofcratersattheMoon'sNorthPole.

07:36 Inoursolarsystem,iceworldsgreatlyoutnumbertheactualplanets.Farfrombeingadeadcoldsubstance,iceisveryactive,andveryabundant.Someworldsevenhavevolcanoeseruptingthroughanicysurface.In2010,avolcanounderaglacierinIcelandspewedanashplumetoaheightofover10kilometers.ThejetstreamcarriedthisashovertheUnitedKingdomandnorthernEurope,groundingairtravel.Largereruptionscansendashhigherandhaveanevengreatereffectontheearth'sclimate.

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08:27 The1815eruptionoftheTamboravolcanoinIndonesiainjectedaerosolshighintotheupperatmosphere.Thisashreflectedsunlight,leadingtoadropinglobaltemperaturesandayearwithoutasummerinNorthernEurope,NortheasternCanada,andtheUnitedStates.TheeruptionofMt.PinatubointhePhilippinesin1991,madeasimilar,thoughmoremoderateimpactontheclimate.

09:05 SolarRadiationreachingaplanet'ssurfacehasadramaticeffectontemperatureandicemelt.TheSun'sbrightnesschangesslightlyfromyeartoyearinanelevenyearcycle.Thissunspotcycle,coupledwithlongertermvariationinsolaractivity,isoneoftheprocessesthatcanleadtomoderateglobaltemperaturechangesonEarthandontheotherplanets.

09:37 Earthisnottheonlyplanetwithice,butitistheonlyplanetwithliquidwater.MuchoftheSun'sheatisabsorbedbyearth'stropicaloceans,andcarriedaroundtheglobebyoceancurrentsmovingfromthehotequatortowardthepoleswithreturningcold,saltywateratgreaterdepths.EuropegetsasmuchasthirtypercentofitsheatfromsuchacurrentcalledtheGulfStream.Changesinthearcticcouldslowthisprocessorevenswitchitoff.

10:11 Earthisuniqueinhavingwateronitssurfaceinallthreestates;solidice,liquidwater,andwatervapor.Liquidoceansabsorbsolarenergywhileicecoveredpolarcapsreflectit.

10:28 Anicebergisareflector,floatingonanabsorbingocean.Watergetslessdenseasitfreezes,soicebergsandtheicecoveronpondsandoceansfloat.Seveneighthsofafloatingicebergliesbelowthewaterline.

10:45 Iceturningtowater,suchasanearlysnowmelt,meltingicecoverontheocean,oreventhenumberoficebergscalvedintoafjord,canamplifyasmalltemperatureriseintoalargerchangethatcanaffectthewholeplanet.

11:03 EveryyeartheseasonscausedramaticchangesasEarth'sicecapsalternativelygrowandshrinkwiththeicecoverincreasingononepolewhilefadingontheother.Marchisthetimeofmaximumicecoverinthenorthandminimumcoverageinthesouth.SeptemberbringstheleasticeattheNorthPoleandthemosticeintheSouth.ForbothpolesthemaximumextentoftheiceoccursastheSunreturnsafterthelongwinter.

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11:43 AttheNorthPoleinwinter,theSunneverrisesandtherearesixmonthsoftwilightanddarkness.Starsseemtocirclethehorizonastheearthspins.Sometimesgreatcurtainsoflightcalledtheauroraborealisshimmerinthelongwinter'snight.

12:05 Weseewhathappensinspringasincreasingsolarenergymeltsiceandsnow.

12:12 Tosearchforchangesbeyondthosecausedbynaturalcycles,scientistslookforicerecordsinplaceslikeAlaska'sArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge.Twohundredyearsago,thisglacierwasgrowing,butnowit'sshrinkingatinincreasingrate.TheglaciertotherightwasoncepartoftheMcCawglacierwhichismovingdownthevalleyontheleft.Bothglaciersareretreating,leavingbehindglacierdebriscalledmoraines.TheMcCawglacierdepositedtheredcoloredmorainesnearthecenterofthisscene.

12:47 Muchofthearcticispermafrostterrainwherethegroundstaysfrozenthroughthesummer.ThispermafrosttunnelinAlaskaletsscientistviewtheundersideoficewedgesthatextendoverourheads.Mammothbonesandancienttundraarevisiblethroughoutthetunnelwalls.Clearstriationsintheicewereformedoverthousandsofyears.Scientistsexplorethepermafrosttunnel,lookingforcluesaboutpastclimatesandfuturelandscapechanges.Thechangeinthisregionofthetundraismorethantwentythousandyearsold.

13:33 Scientistsextractcoresbydrillingintotheiceforothercluesaboutthechangingclimate.BylateApril,theSunsetsaround3:00amontheMcCawglacier,bringingcoolertemperaturesthatmakedrillingintoiceandextractingicecoresmucheasier.Icecoresareremovedinonemetersectionsfromthedrill'scorebarrel.Researchersextracticecoresaslongasone-hundredfiftymeters,showingovertwocenturiesofclimatechangeontheglacier.

14:14 Drillingdownthoughthisicelikethisisliketravelingbackintime.InplaceslikeAntarctica,icehasbeenlaiddownfromthesnowsofsuccessivewinterformanythousandsofyears.

14:27 Icecoresarecollected,studied,andstored.Inthisroomicecoresarepreserved.Eachlayeroficeislikeatimecapsule.Itcontainsgasesandmaterialsthatrevealthetemperatureandatmosphericcompositionwhenitwaslaiddown.Deepicecoresprovidearecordthatcanstretchhundredsofthousandsofyearsintothepast.

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15:01 Carryingrecordslikeagiganticbarcode,anicecorefromAntarcticarevealsconditionsgoingback400,000years.Herewecanreadtheamountofcarbondioxideandtemperatureacrosstheagesandcomparethesedatawithcompanionsealevelinformationfromsedimentcores.Theamountofcarbondioxidehasshotupsincetheindustrialrevolutionandcontinuestoclimb.ScientistsarerecordingdramaticevidenceofanaccelerationoficemeltinGreenlandandtheArcticOcean,notcausedbythecycleoftheiceages.

15:43 PeriodicchangesintheEarth'sorbitandtinywobblesoveraone-hundredthousandyearcyclehavebeenaccompaniedbyextremeperiodsofcoldtemperaturesonEarth:theIceAges.

15:57 Attheheightofthelastgreaticeageabout20,000yearsagoicecoveredmuchofNorthAmericaandNorthernEurope.

16:07 NearwhereNewYorkistodaytheicewasoverakilometerthick.

16:16 Duringanearliericeage,avasticesheetcoveredtwothirdsoftheBritishIsles.

16:27 ThesiteofpresentdayLondoniswheretheadvancingglacierstoppedatthepinnacleofthesecondtolasticeage.

16:36 Evenduringthemostrecenticeage,therewassomuchwaterlockedupintheicethatsealevelswerelowerthantoday.

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16:44 EnglandwasjoinedtoEurope.

16:46 Astheicemelted,sealevelsrose,andtheBritishIsleswereborn,justtenthousandyearsago.

16:54 Forcenturies,sailorstriedtopenetratetheicepackinthearcticleftbythelasticeagetodiscoverapassageconnectingtheAtlanticandPacificoceans.

17:05 NowwiththemeltingofArcticseaice,thisNorthwestpassagehasbrieflyopenedthroughCanadianislands,pastthecoastofNorthernAlaska,andintotheNorthernPacificOcean.ThisNorthwestPassagereducestheoceandistancebetweenEuropeandAsiabythousandsofkilometers.MeltingseaicemaysoonopenupmuchoftheArcticOceantotravel,shipping,andeventooff-shoredrillingforoilandnaturalgas.

17:39 FiveborderingcountriescanclaimpartsoftheArcticseafloor:Russia,Norway,Denmark(throughGreenland),Canada,andtheUnitedStates.Historicallyacountry'sboundaryhasbeen200nauticalmilesfromitscoastline,leavingthecentralArcticOceanunclaimed.However,accordingtotheLawoftheSeatreaty,countriescanextendtheirclaiminareasthatareanextensionofthatcountry'scontinentalshelf.Expertsestimatesthat22%oftheworld'sundiscoveredresources,includingoilandnaturalgas,lieoff-shoreintheextensivecontinentalshelvesoftheArctic,bringingadditionalenvironmentalriskwithoffshoredrilling.

18:24 AnundersearidgeextendsfromthecontinentalshelfthatbordersCanadaandGreenlandoverthePoletoRussia'scontinentalshelf.AllthreenationsnowclaimthisridgeandseektoextendtheirterritorytotheNorthPole.InAugust2007,twomini-submarinesplantedaRussianflagontheridgeneartheNorthPole.Ifrecognized,thisclaimwouldgiveRussiacontrolofalmosthalfoftheArcticOcean.TheColdRushhasbegun.

19:04 Townsandsettlementsinthearcticareadaptingtochangesinicecoverandtotheresultingchangestotheirwayoflife.Thisglacier,nearthetownofIlulissat,WestGreenland,isoneofnature'sgreatbulldozers.

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19:18 Inhumanhistorynothinghasdonemorethanicetoshapeourworldanddrivetheclimateofthewholeplanet.

19:29 Here,beneathamassiveglacier,weseenatureatitsmostpowerful.

19:37 Lifeneartheglacierhaschangeddramatically.Withverylittleiceonthebayoverthelastdecade,travelisverydifferentnow.Boatshavereplaceddogsleds.Thisisasmallsignofpossiblegreaterchanges,whichcouldaffectvastregionsoftheplanet.

20:01 Researchersarealsomonitoringlargepolarcreaturesthathaveadaptedtothecoldandextremeweatherchangesofthearctic.Foundonlyinthenorth,polarbearsusetheseaicecoveroftheArcticOceanasaplatformforhuntingseals.

20:19 Asseaicemeltsearliereachyear,polarbearsmustfleetoshoreweeksbeforetheyhavecaughtenoughfoodtosurvivetheperiodofscarcefoodinthelatesummerandearlyfall.Disappearingseaicewillleadtothinnerbears,lowerbirthrates,andlowersurvivalratesforyoungbears.

20:41 Whilepolarbearsareretreatingformeltingseaiceduringarcticsummer,winteriscomingtotheAntarctic.IcecoverinandaroundAntarcticapracticallydoublesinsizeasicytendrilsencroachfurtherintothesurroundingoceanduringwinter.

21:00 TheAntarcticicecapcontainstwo-thirdsofallthefreshwateronourworld.OnlynowarewebeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofthistoourplanetandtolifeintheAntarctic.

21:15 PolarscientistsaresearchingfortinylifeformsinAntarcticLakes.Heredivershavefoundlifeadaptedtothebittercold.Coloniesliveinmatsonthelakebottom,belowatleastfourmetersofice.Eventuallythesematsfloatoffthelakebottomandrisetotheiceabove.SomescientiststhinkthatEarthlifebeganintinypoolsofwatertrappedwithintheice.

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21:42 Althoughfewplantsoranimalscansurviveonthecontinentitself,orinitsicylakes,theoceanaroundAntarcticaisoneofthemostprolificspotsforlifeonEarth.PenguinsmaybethemostwellknownAntarcticanimalsbutthemostimportantandmostabundantarekrill.

22:02 TinyplantscalledalgaecovertheseaiceasspringreturnstoAntarctica.Whensummer'sheatmeltstheice,algaereleasedintothewaterfeedthetinykrill.Krillaretinycrustaceans,justafewcentimetersacross.Thebecomefoodforagreatvarietyofseals,whales,birds,andpenguins.Wherevertheyaremeasured,krillnumbershavedroppedalarminglyinrecentyears.

22:28 Antarcticaandthearcticpresentamazingandspectacularice-scapes.Themorewelearn,themorewerealizetheimportantrolethesefantasticplacesplayinmakingourworldhabitable.Thepolesofourplanetarechangingandsomeofthesechangesarerapid.Onlybyobserving,learningandtakingappropriateactioncanweensurethatEarthremainsahealthyhabitablespaceshipforusandallitsvoyagers.

CREDITS CLOSINGCREDITS

Copyright 23:02 2010,TheHoustonMuseumofNaturalScience

Narration JimBrattonCeciliaOttenweller

Photography MattNolan

Music ShaiFishman

PresentedBy Evans&SutherlandCreativeMediainassociationwiththeUniversityofNewHampshire,TheHoustonMuseumofNaturalScience,andtheNationalScienceFoundationPresentsICEWORLDS

ExecutiveProducers TerenceMurtaghKirkJohnson

Producer/Director MichaelDaut

AssociateProducer Dr.CarolynSumners

Writers TerenceMurtaghMichaelDaut

Art/AnimationDirectors KenCarlsonMartySisam

AdditionalAnimations DonDavis

Narrator EmilyWatson

NarrationRecordist DomBocher

Music AlexanderVanBubenheim

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SoundDesignandMix BobEdwards

PostProductionSoundServicesProvidedBy

SkywalkerSoundALucasfilmLtdCompanyMarinCounty,California

Post-ProductionRendering BryceBuchannan

Post-Production MichaelDaut

EngineeringSupport NealMayerJoyceRinggenbergMarkBloomenthalLynnBuchananBenBuckwalterNickHollandKarenKlamczynskiRieMatsubaraBrianMooreMelindaOrmsFredOrrellTammyPfitzerStanfordPitcherKevinScottJoshWhetstoneBoydWhitingAmyWrightKathyWright

ProjectAdministration BarbaraMcBrideChristyMoore

ProjectAccounting GregGoates

SalesSupport JeriPanerScottNiskachStevePushka

ProductionManagement NarrateoLimited

UniversityofNewHampshireScienceAdvisors

AnnetteSchlossMarkFahnestockRichardB.LammersJonathanPundsack

HoustonMuseumofNaturalScienceCrewAnimation

AdamBarnesTonyButterfield

HMNSCurriculum/Software ClaireParkerBessieDawsonNancyLlamoColinLaw

PlanetaryVisionsCrewAnimator

AndrewWayne

PlanetaryVisionsCrewDataSpecialist

TimWilkinson

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PlanetaryVisionsCrewProducer

PhilipEales

HighDefinition&VideoPhotography

TerenceMurtagh

StillPhotography NicholasHoldsworthTerenceMurtachSueWerner

ArticandAntarcticTravel AuroraExpeditions,Sydney

FacilitiesProvidedBy UniversityCollege,London

ProducedWithSupportFrom TheNationalScienceFoundatonincelebrationoftheInternationalPolarYear

LocationPhotography TheHighArcticNorthernGreenlandTheAntarcticPeninsulaTheRossSeaRegioninAntarcticaandMacquarrieIsland

SpecialThanksTo NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationEuropeanSpaceAgencyAdVoiceUK

ProducedInAssociationWith NarrateoLimited

Copyright2008 Evans&Sutherland

SupportedBy NationalScienceFoundationunderGrantNo.0712815

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