Human Physiology: Cell structure and function and Organization of cells, tissues and organs, systems...

Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Cell structure and function and Cell structure and function and

Organization of cells, tissues and Organization of cells, tissues and organs, systemsorgans, systems

Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.

M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYIII LectureIII Lecture

9/August/20129/August/2012

Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.

Cell JunctionsCell Junctions

Plasma membrane proteins Plasma membrane proteins connect connect neighboring cellsneighboring cells - called - called Cell junctionsCell junctions

Plant cells – Plant cells – plasmodesmataplasmodesmata provides provides channels between cellschannels between cells

Cell Junctions Cell Junctions

3 types of cell junctions in animal cells3 types of cell junctions in animal cellsTight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap Tight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap

junctionsjunctions

3. Gap junction Membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels

2. Anchoring junction Cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch

1. Tight junction

Membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross 1

1.1. Tight junctions Tight junctions – membrane proteins – membrane proteins seal neighboring cellsseal neighboring cells so that water so that water soluble substances cannot cross soluble substances cannot cross between thembetween them

• Example, between stomach cellsExample, between stomach cells

2.2. Anchoring junctions Anchoring junctions – – cytoskeleton cytoskeleton fibers fibers join cells in tissues join cells in tissues that need to that need to stretchstretch

• See between heart, skin, and muscle cellsSee between heart, skin, and muscle cells

3.3. Gap junctions Gap junctions – membrane proteins on – membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channelsneighboring cells link to form channels

• This links the This links the cytoplasm of adjoining cellscytoplasm of adjoining cells

Plant Cell JunctionsPlant Cell Junctions

PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata form form channels between channels between neighboring plant cellsneighboring plant cells

Vacuole

Wallsof twoadjacentplant cells

Plasmodesmata

Layersof one plantcell wall

Cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Plant cell 1

Plant cell 2

Extracellular StructuresExtracellular Structures

Extracellular structures include:Extracellular structures include:

-extracellular matrix surrounding animal -extracellular matrix surrounding animal cellscells

-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists

Extracellular StructuresExtracellular StructuresCell wallsCell walls

-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and -present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protistssome protists

-the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary -the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type:depending on the cell type:

-plant and protist cell walls - -plant and protist cell walls - cellulosecellulose

-fungal cell walls – -fungal cell walls – chitinchitin

--the the entire outside surface of the cell often has entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat a loose carbohydrate coat called the called the ““glycocalyx”glycocalyx”. .

Extracellular matrix (ECM)Extracellular matrix (ECM)

-surrounds animal cells-surrounds animal cells

-composed of -composed of glycoproteinsglycoproteins and and fibrous fibrous proteinsproteins

-may be connected to the cytoplasm via -may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrinintegrin proteins present in the plasma proteins present in the plasma membranemembrane

Levels Of Organization and Levels Of Organization and Function-Organelles, tissues, Function-Organelles, tissues,

organs and systemsorgans and systems

Levels Of OrganizationLevels Of Organization

7.3.1 Summarize the levels of 7.3.1 Summarize the levels of organization within the human organization within the human body (including cells, tissues, body (including cells, tissues,

organs, and systems).organs, and systems).

The levels of organization from The levels of organization from simplest to most complex aresimplest to most complex are::

CellsCells Tissues Tissues OrgansOrgans SystemSystem OrganismOrganism

CellsCells The basic unit of structure and The basic unit of structure and

function in the human bodyfunction in the human body Though all cells perform the processes Though all cells perform the processes

that keep humans alive, they also that keep humans alive, they also have specialized functions as well.have specialized functions as well.

Examples may be nerve cells Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.(neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.

TissuesTissues

A group of specialized cells A group of specialized cells that work together to perform that work together to perform the same function.the same function.

There are four basic types of There are four basic types of tissue in the human body:tissue in the human body:

TissuesTissues

Nerve TissueNerve Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue

TissuesTissues1.1. Nerve tissueNerve tissue – carries – carries

impulses back and forth to impulses back and forth to the brain from the bodythe brain from the body

Three types of muscle tissueThree types of muscle tissue Muscle tissueMuscle tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)

contract and shorten, making body parts movecontract and shorten, making body parts move Skeletal Skeletal

CardiacCardiac

SmoothSmooth

3. Epithelial tissue – covers the 3. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of surfaces of the body, inside the body, inside ((as lining and /or covering as lining and /or covering of internal organsof internal organs) and ) and outside (as layer of outside (as layer of skin)skin)

4. Connective tissue – 4. Connective tissue – connects all parts of connects all parts of the body and provides supportthe body and provides support (for (for example example ligaments, cartilage, tendons ligaments, cartilage, tendons ).).

OrgansOrgans A group of two or more A group of two or more different types different types

of tissue of tissue that work together to perform that work together to perform a specific function.a specific function.

The The task is generally more complex task is generally more complex than that of the tissue.than that of the tissue.

For example, the heart is made of For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues muscle and connective tissues which which functions to pump blood throughout functions to pump blood throughout the body.the body.

SystemsSystems A group of two or more organs A group of two or more organs that work that work

together to perform a specific function. together to perform a specific function. Each Each organ system has its own function organ system has its own function but but

the the systems work together and depend on systems work together and depend on one anotherone another. .

There are eleven different organ systems in There are eleven different organ systems in the human body: the human body: circulatory, digestive, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.

Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Cell Membrane transport across Cell Membrane transport across cell, membrane and Intercellular cell, membrane and Intercellular

communicationcommunication

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYIII LectureIII Lecture

Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Levels Of Organization and Function-Levels Of Organization and Function-

Organelles, tissues, organs and Organelles, tissues, organs and systemssystems

Collected and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYII LectureII Lecture

Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Regulation of cell multiplication Regulation of cell multiplication and Musculo-skeletal system and Musculo-skeletal system

Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Musculo-skeletal system: Musculo-skeletal system:

Structure and function of bone, Structure and function of bone, cartilage and connective tissue. cartilage and connective tissue. Disorders of the skeletal system. Disorders of the skeletal system. Types of muscles structure and Types of muscles structure and

function function

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