How were the diplomacy tactics of Roosevelt different from Wilson’s?Russo-Japanese WarRoosevelt CorollaryDollar DiplomacyWilson’s Missionary DiplomacyProblems in Mexico

Russo-Japanese War

1904 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declared war on Japan

Both imperialist powers competing for control of Korea

Japanese surprise attacked Russian Pacific fleet and destroyed it

Japan then destroyed second fleet sent as reinforcement

Japan won a series of land battles, securing Korea and Manchuria

As result, Japan began running out of men and money

Japanese officials approached Roosevelt in secret and asked him to mediate peace negotiations

He agreed and in 1905, Russian and Japanese delegates convened at Portsmouth, New Hampshire

The first meeting took place in the President’s yacht

Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island and a large sum of money from Russia

Russia refused Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half of

the island and forgo the cash payment Russia agreed to let Japan take over Russian

interests in Manchuria and Korea

The successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

As US and Japanese interest expanded in East Asia, the two nations continued diplomatic talks

In later agreements, they pledged to respect each other’s possessions and interest in East Asia and the Pacific

U.S. and Latin America

Financial factors drew US into Latin American affairs

Latin American nations had borrowed from European banks to build railroads and develop industries

Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their loans, European nations would intervene

He was determined to make US predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America

Remember the Monroe Doctrine?

He reminded them of the Monroe Doctrine in which European nations couldn’t interfere Latin American affairs

Roosevelt based his Latin America policy on a West African proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Roosevelt Corollary in 1904

Added to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. may use force to protect its

economic interests in Latin America “international police power”

Involvement in Latin American Affairs

1911 – Nicaragua has rebellion that leaves the nation near bankruptcy

Taft arranged for bankers to loan money in exchange for control of Nicaragua’s railroad and its national bank

People revolt against their president, Adolfo Diaz because of this

2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua Revolt was put down, but marines

remained in the country until 1933

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

The Taft administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople

The policy was called Dollar diplomacy by critics and was often used to justify keeping European powers out of Caribbean

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

Moral responsibility to deny recognition of Latin American gov. viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interest

Before, US recognized any government that controlled a nation

Pressured nations in Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments

Mexican Revolution

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz Dictator for 3

decades Encouraged

foreign investments

As a result, foreigners owned large share of Mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches

Foreign investors, some Mexican landowners, and politicians had grown rich, the common people of the country were poor.

Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero 1911 – he and

followers overthrow Diaz

promised democratic reforms

General General Victoriano Huerta Victoriano Huerta

Took over after 2 years of Madero’s rule

Wilson refused to recognize his government

Intervention in Mexico

“watchful waiting” April 1914 - Huerta’s officers arrested

a small group of American sailors Mexicans quickly released them and

apologized but Wilson used the incident as excuse to send marines to occupy Veracruz

18 Americans and at least 200 Mexicans died during the invasion and it brought the US and Mexico close to war

It was proposed that Huerta step down and that US troops withdraw without paying Mexico for damages

Mexico rejected the plan, and Wilson refused to recognize a government that had come to power as a result of violence

Huerta regime collapsed and Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became president in 1915

Wilson withdrew the troops and formally recognized the Carranza government

Rebellion in Mexico

Francisco “Pancho” Francisco “Pancho” VillaVilla

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata “it is better to die on

your feet than live on your knees”

Villa’s followers raided Columbia, New Mexico, and killed 17 Americans

Americans demanding revenge, Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing and a force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive

As Wilson sends national guardsmen, Mexicans become angry about “US Invasion”

In June 1916, US troops clashed with Carranza’s army, resulting in deaths on both sides

As neither back down, war seems imminent

The US facing war in Europe needed peace on it’s southern border

In February 1917, Wilson ordered Pershing to return home

Later, Mexico adopted a constitution that gave the government control of the nation’s oil and mineral resources and placed strict regulations on foreign investors

Carranza failed to carry out many of the reforms in the new constitution and lead oppressively until 1920

1920: Alvaro Obregon came to powerMarked the end of civil war Beginning of reform

U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs provided a clear model of American imperialist attitudes in the early years of the 20th century

Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy, and the American government attempted to extend the reach of this economic and political system, even through armed intervention