Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 10 Launching the Nation (1789-1800 )

Holt Call to Holt Call to FreedomFreedom

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Launching the Nation (1789-1800Launching the Nation (1789-1800))

10.1 Laying the Foundations of Government

Objectives: Explain why Americans elected George

Washington as their first president. Identify the expectations Americans had

of their new government. Describe the steps Congress and the

president took to organize the new government.

I. The First President

A. Washington1.1. George WashingtonGeorge Washington hoped to retire

from public life after the ratification of the Constitution..

2. Washington’s friends urged him to run because they believed he would make an excellent leader, and Washington agreed because he felt it was his duty.

Our First President: George Washington 1789-1797

www.animationlibrary.comwww.bobsheldon.com

B. First Presidential Election1. In January 1789, delegates from the 11

states that had ratified the Constitution formed the electoral collegeelectoral college, made up of electors who vote for the president.

2. Electors represented the popular vote in their states but could vote for another candidate if they disagreed with the people’s choice.

B. First Presidential Election

3. Elected George Washington unanimously; John Adams became vice president

C. The Role of Women1. Martha Washington attended social

events with her husband.2. Author Judith Sargent Murray hoped

women would receive educations.3. Republican Motherhood – idea that

women played an important role in the new nation because they would teach children to be good citizens

Martha Washington portrait at the White House

http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/art/images/mw1p-3.html

C. The Role of Women4. Most women still lacked opportunities

and equality.

II. Life in the New Republic

A. Population1. Nearly 4 million Americans in 1790

2. Most lived in rural areas and worked on farms.

3. Some worked in towns as craftspeople, laborers, or merchants.

B. Goals of Some Citizens1. Farmers wanted fair tax laws and the

right to settle western lands.2. Merchants wanted simpler trade laws.3. Manufacturers wanted laws to protect

them from foreign competition.

The Stars and StripesThe Declaration of Independence severed all ties between the 13 American Colonies and Great Britain. For almost a full

year after that first Independence Day, the flag of the new nation still bore the Union Jack among its red and white stripes. All of that changed on June 14, 1777 when the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress passed a

resolution establishing a new design. The name of the "United Colonies" having been changed in September of the previous year, the resolution read:

"Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation.“

-Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress June 14, 1777

http://www.homeofheros.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/flag/1bfa_hist2.html

C. Cities1. Only New York City and Philadelphia

had populations greater than 25,0002. New York City served as the first U.S.

capital.

III. Setting Precedents

A. Policies and Procedures1. Each decision of the new government

would set a precedentprecedent – an action or decision that serves as an example for later generations.

2. Congress created executive departments, each of which specialized in different areas of national policy.

The Betsy Ross Flag

Of course, most of us remember the story of Betsy Ross and quickly recognize the "Betsy Ross Flag" with the stars in a circle. Betsy Ross made flags for the United States for 50 years. During the American Revolution she made flags for the Pennsylvania State Navy as well as other military units. The "Betsy Ross Flag" as seen here, however, did not appear until the early

1790s, and there is no solid evidence to support claims that Betsy Ross created the first stars and stripes.

http://www.homeofheros.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/flag/1bfa_hist2.html

A. Policies and Procedures3. Department heads formed the cabinet,

which met to advise the president.

B. The Courts

1.1. Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789 created a three-level federal court system.

2. President nominated federal judges, and Congress then had to approve them.

10.2 Hamilton and National Finances

Objectives: Identify the challenge Alexander Hamilton faced

as secretary of the treasury and the issues his plans raised.

Describe the issues that Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on, and explain their views.

Examine the questions that were raised when the Bank of the United States was founded, and examine the different views that Hamilton and Jefferson had concerning the bank.

I. Settling the Debt

A. Alexander Hamilton1. Alexander Hamilton was born in the

British West Indies, went to the American colonies for an education, and then practiced law.

2. Served as secretary of the treasury under President George Washington

Alexander Hamilton

The American Experience "The Duel" recalls the bitter rivalry between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr that ended early one morning in July 1804 with a duel that changed the

course of American history.

http://www.ket.org/pressroom/2000/05/AmExp.TheDuel_homepage.html

B. The Problem of Debt1. Faced problem of national debtnational debt – money

the United States owed to lenders2. The United States owed about $11.7

million to foreign creditors, and about $40.4 million to U.S. citizens.

3. Some debt was in the form of bondsbonds – certificates that represent money owed.

B. The Problem of Debt4. Over time, bondholders feared that the

government would not buy back bonds.5. Many people sold bonds at prices below

their original value to speculators –speculators – people who buy items at low prices hoping their value will rise.

The Current National Debt

10/05/2006

$8,545,048,487,560.99

http://www.warresisters.org/piechart.htm

www.brillig.com/debt_clock

C. Hamilton’s Plan1. Pay off foreign debt immediately; buy

back bonds at full value over time2. Thomas Jefferson and others opposed

this plan on the grounds that paying bonds’ full value would reward speculators, not average citizens.

3. U.S. Congress approved Hamilton’s Plan.

II. The States’ DebtA. States owed $25 million for

Revolutionary War expenses.

Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries

Year Established President Vice President

1789 $25,000 $5,000

1873 $50,000 $10,000 1906 $50,000 $12,000 1909 $75,000 $12,000 1946 $75,000 $20,000 1949 $100,000 $30,000 1951 $100,000 $35,000 1953 $100,000 $35,000 1964 $100,000 $43,000 1969 $200,000 $62,500 1979 $200,000 $62,500 1994 $200,000 $171,000 2001 $400,000 $175,400 2003 $400,000 $198,600

B. The States and the Federal Government1. Hamilton wanted federal government to

pay $21.5 million of states’ debts.2. Hoped would increase support for

national government, boost national economy

3. Several states objected, including southern states with few war debts.

C. The Compromise1. Hamilton agreed to support effort to

move U.S. capital to a southern location.2. In exchange, southern representatives

agreed to support Hamilton’s plan.3. In 1790 Congress approved both

Hamilton’s plan and the decision to move the national capital to a site that would become Washington, D.C.

Benjamin Banneker

Plans for Washington D.C. as drawn by Banneker

http://mrb.tagclan.com/portfolio_bannekerpics.php

III. Hamilton versus Jefferson

A. Opposing Views1. Hamilton wanted a strong central

government; Jefferson wanted to protect the powers of the states.

2. Hamilton distrusted the common people; Jefferson promoted democratic rule.

B. Economic Growth1. Hamilton wanted to promote domestic

manufacturing and business by means such as a higher protective tariff, a tax that raises prices of foreign goods.

2. Jefferson favored farmers and lower tariffs to keep prices of imported goods low.

http://www.cmskids.com/tests/presidents/Jefferson.JPG

IV. The Debate over the BankA. Hamilton wanted a national bank in

which the government could deposit money.

B. The Constitutional Issue1. Although the Constitution did not

mention a national bank, Hamilton thought that the government could create one under the terms of the elastic clause.

2. This view is known as loose constructionloose construction of the Constitution – federal government can take reasonable actions if not forbidden to it in the Constitution

B. The Constitutional Issue3. Jefferson argued from a position called

strict constructionstrict construction of Constitution – federal government can do only those things specially listed in Constitution.

4. Congress created the Bank of the United Bank of the United StatesStates in 1791.

Hamilton urged the founding of the Bank of the United States. Jefferson opposed the idea. The Bank was to be a depository of federal funds and a means of regulating the currency. Its establishment, in February 1791, strengthened the federal

government.

www.multied.com/NN/BaNK.html

10.3 Troubles Abroad

Objectives: Explain how Americans and President

Washington responded to events in France.

Discuss President Washington’s foreign policy.

Describe how the United States settled its differences with Great Britain and Spain.

I. The French RevolutionA. During the French Revolution, the

people of France overthrew their monarchy and created a republican government.

French Revolution 1789-1809

http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/T&M/c-deathlouis1.jpg

http://humanities10.com/French.jpg

B. American Reactions1. Some Americans celebrated the creation

of another republican government.2. Others feared violence in France,

especially when its monarchs were executed.

II. U.S. NeutralityA. France and Great Britain went to war

soon after the French Revolution

B. Foreign Policy Debate1. Cabinet and Congress disagreed as to

nation’s response to war2. 1793, Washington issues Neutrality

Proclamation—U.S. will not take sides with warring countries in Europe

3. Some Americans questioned the president’s authority to issue proclamation

III. Citizen Genet

A. Edmond “Citizen” Genet—France’s new representative to the U.S.

Citizen Genet

users.ev1.net/~gpmoran/chap1a.htm

B. Controversy

1. Genet recruited privateers—private ships used to attack enemies.

2. Washington warned Genet that actions on American soil hurt U.S. neutrality.

3. Genet said he would appeal to the American people.

4. Genet was ordered back to France.

C. Jefferson’s Resignation

1. Jefferson (pro-French) was unhappy with U.S. policy toward France.

2. He thought Hamilton (pro British) was influencing foreign policy.

3. Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State 1793

IV. Jay’s Treaty

A. Problems with Great Britain

1. Late 1793 British begin seizing American ships

2. British have not abandoned frontier forts on U.S. soil and are rumored to be encouraging Indian uprisings.

John Jay’s Portait

http://www.eadshome.com/QuotesoftheFounders.htm

B. Jay’s Treaty

1. Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court, to Britain.

2. Jay’s Treaty—Britain will abandon forts and pay for seized ships and the U.S. will pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed British merchants.

V. Pinckney’s Treaty

A. Spain had closed port of New Orleans to U.S. in 1784 because of dispute over border between U.S. and Spanish Florida

Thomas Pinckney

http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/1300/1345/Pinckney_2.htm

B. The Treaty 1. Washington sent ambassador Thomas Pinckney, to

negotiate with Spain.

2. Pinckney requested Right of Deposit—right for American boats to transfer goods at New Orleans without paying cargo fee

3. Under Pinckney’s Treaty, Spain: a. changed Florida’s bordersb. reopened port of New Orleans to U.S.c. gave U.S. ships right of deposit

4. Pinckney’s Treaty opened frontier to further American expansion

10.4 Challenges at Home

Objectives: Identify the domestic problems faced

by the United States. Explain the advice that Washington

gave to the nation in his Farewell Address.

I. Conflict in Northwest Territory A. American Indians

1. Indians resented settlers moving into the NW Territory

2. Miami Chief Little Turtle led an Indian confederation against U.S. forces 1790-1

3. General Anthony Wayne sent to command U.S. forces on frontier

B. The Battle

1. British allies refuse to aide Little Turtle who resigns command & warns other Indians not to fight

2. Wayne’s forces defeat Indians at Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794

3. Nearby Indian villages & fields destroyed

Chief Little Turtle of the Miami Indians Confederation

www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p10/p10_8.html

C. The Treaty

1. Indian leaders sign Treaty of Greenville 1795

2. Settlers get more access to Indian lands in Northwest Territory

3. $20,000 worth of goods given to Indians to settle land claims

II. The Whiskey Rebellion

A. More Conflict on the Frontier Congress passes tax on American-made

whiskey 1791 Some frontier farmers produced

whiskey for trade Farmers could not afford tax

www.whiskybembel.de/Comic

B. The Rebellion

1. Whiskey Rebellion began 1794, when protestors refused to pay whiskey tax

2. Rebels attacked, tarred & feathered tax collectors

3. Washington saw rebellion as threat to federal authority & sent troops to western Pennsylvania

4. Rebels fled, rebellion ended without battle

A British Official has been Tarred & Feathered and hot tea is poured down his throat (1774)

webpage http://www.americanhistory8.com

III. Washington’s Farewell Address

A. Washington declined to run third time Tired of public life Wanted to remind people he was

president, not king

B. The Farewell Address

1. Written with help from Hamilton & Madison

2. Advised to not form permanent relations with foreign nations

3. Warned against political parties

10.5 John Adam’s Presidency

Objectives: Explain how political parties formed and the role

they played in the presidential election on 1796. Describe the problems with foreign nations that

John Adams faced as president. Describe the Alien and Sedition Acts and the

Republicans’ response to them. Analyze the main issues in the election of 1800

and some of the outcomes of the election.

I. Election of 1796

A. Political parties—groups that help elect government officials & shape policy played an important role

B. Federalist Party

1. Federalist Party wanted to strengthen federal government & promote industry and trade

2. John Adams was Federalist candidate 1796

John Adams 1797-1801 " 1st Vice President of the United States "

Served with "President George Washington" ( April 30, 1789 - March 4, 1797 - 2 Terms ) Became the - "2nd President of the United States"

Date & place of birth: John Adams( Official Portrait )

October 30, 1735, 123 Franklin Street, Braintree (Quincy), MA Date, place, cause & age at death:

July 4, 1826 - Braintree, MA - Old Age - 90 Place of burial:

First Unitarian Church, Quincy, MA Also served:

Massachusetts Legislature - ( 1768-1774 ) Massachusetts delegate to Continental Congress - ( 1774-1776 ) Diplomat in Europe - ( 1778-1788 ) "2nd President of the United States" - ( March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801 )

Facts about John Adams: 1st President to live in the White House - ( Then called the

Executive Mansion ) Was one of four Presidents to live to the age of 90 - ( the others:

"Herbert Hoover", "Gerald Ford" and "Ronald Reagan" ) Was one of only two President that had a son also serve as

President. His son being "John Quincy Adams". The other presidential father being "George H. W. Bush" whose son is our current president, "George W. Bush".

Defended the British Soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre in Court and won

As Vice President, Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes while presiding over the Senate, easily a Vice Presidential record

Died on the same day as "President Thomas Jefferson" Nicknamed the "Atlas of Independence"

http://www.russpickett.com/ushist/usvpres1.htm

C. Democratic-Republican Party

1. Wanted to limit power of federal government

2. Members were called Republicans (not the modern Republican Party

3. Thomas Jefferson 1796 candidate

Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 " 2nd Vice President of the United States "

Served with "President John Adams" ( March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801- 1 Term ) Became the - "3nd President of the United States"

Date & place of birth: Thomas Jefferson( Official Portrait )

April 13, 1743, Goochland, Virginia Date, place, cause & age at death:

July 4, 1826 - Monticello, Virginia - Chronic Diarrhea - 83 Place of burial:

Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia Also served:

Virginia House of Burgesses - ( 1769-1774 ) Governor of Virginia - ( 1779-1781 ) Virginia delegate to Continental Congress - ( 1783-1784 ) Minister to France Secretary of State for George Washington - ( 1790-1793 ) Vice President for John Adams - ( March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801 ) "3rd President of the United States" - ( March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809 )

Facts: 1st president elected by the House of Representatives 1st president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. 1st president to have been a governor. Died on the same day as John Adams His grandson, James Madison Randolph, was the 1st child born in the White House Nicknames: "Man of the People"; "Sage of Monticello"

http://www.russpickett.com/ushist/usvpres1.htm

D. 1796 Election Result

1. John Adams wins 1796 over Jefferson

2. Jefferson becomes VP, because at the time second place candidate became VP, even if from different parties

II. The XYZ Affair

A. France uses A. France uses privateers to attack privateers to attack U.S. shipsU.S. ships

http://www.prbm.com/bookpics/xyzm799a.jpg

B. Scandal1. President Adams sends diplomats to

France to resolve conflict

2. French agents demand bribe before negotiating

3. Adams calls the agents X,Y, and Z & tells Congress of the demand

4. Americans are angry at the XYZ Affair

Map of Europe from 1790s

http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-10403.jpg

C. Averting War1. Some call for war against France

2. Adams angers those who want war (and many of his fellow Federalists) by helping attain peace with France

III. The Alien and Sedition ActsA. Federalist pass Alien and Sedition Acts 1798A. Federalist pass Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 Alien Act allows president to remove

foreigners from country Sedition Act—illegal to criticize or plot

against government policies Laws were used against Republican

newspapers

French Minister Talleyrand demanded a personal bribe of $250,000 and loan of $12

million dollars to France. http://www.multied.com/NN/XYZ.html

An argument in Congress of the Alien and Sedition Acts

B. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by Madison & Jefferson declare Alien and Seditions Acts unconstitutional

IV. Election of 1800A. John Adams and Charles Pinckney A. John Adams and Charles Pinckney

Federalist candidatesFederalist candidates

B. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican candidates

V. Narrow Republican VictoryA. Jefferson and A. Jefferson and

Burr tie and Burr tie and Adams comes in Adams comes in secondsecond

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/tindall/timelinf/elec1800.htm

B. House of Representatives decides the tie1. Tie meant Jefferson and Burr both

eligible to be president

2. At time, no separate ballot for pres/VP

3. House decides a tie in electoral college for president

B. House of Representatives decides the tie 4. Federalist support Burr, House then ties 4. Federalist support Burr, House then ties

30 times30 times

5. Some Federalist refuse to keep voting, thus Jefferson wins next vote in House

6. Twelfth Amendment creates separate ballots for president/VP

Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 10 Launching the Nation (1789-1800 )

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