Post on 27-Jun-2018
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Holography: The 4th-Generation Optical Storage Technology
Daniel H. Raguin, Aprilis, Inc.5 Clock Tower Place, Suite 200, Maynard, MA, 01754-2530
Phone: 978-450-1047 FAX: 978-450-1020E-mail: raguin@aprilisinc.com
Presented at the THIC Meeting at the STK Bldg 8 Auditorium, 1 Storage Tek Dr, Louisville CO 80027-9451
July 22 - 23, 2003
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
OutlineOutlineOutlineCompany Overview– History– Aprilis IP Portfolio– Business Plan
Aprilis Holographic Media– Form Factor– Shelf Life and Archivability
Page-Based Holographic Storage– Data Density
Summary
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis, Inc.Company Overview
Aprilis, Inc.Aprilis, Inc.Company OverviewCompany Overview
HistoryIP PortfolioBusiness Plan & Roadmap
Our business focus is the development of media and optical drive technology for Holographic Data Storage
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis, Inc. HistoryAprilis, Inc. HistoryAprilis, Inc. HistoryJune 1999 – Company operations begun• Acquired rights to Polaroid holographic technology
November 2000• Demonstrated recording at >1 Gbps in at Stanford University•• Feasibility Demonstrated: 10 Feasibility Demonstrated: 10 GbitsGbits per secper sec
October 2001• Dow Corning becomes a leading investor/strategic partner
October 2002• Initiated shipments of standard disk and card media samples
November 2002• Acquired 21 holographic storage patents (Tamarack Storage Devices)
December 2002• Demonstration of greater than 100 Gbits/in2 in Aprilis CROP photopolymer
February 2003• Acquired 14 holographic storage patents (Holoplex, Caltech)
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Intellectual Property BaseAprilis Intellectual Property BaseAprilis Intellectual Property Base3 Polaroid Patents – exclusive license
holographic method with media
13 Aprilis Patents Pending – composition of matter, drive implementations
14 Holoplex Patents – Aprilis acquisition covering basic holographic drive, servo
21 Tamarack Patents – Aprilis acquisitioncovering basic holographic drive and servo implementations
51 total as of 7/21/03
Key fundamental patents with priority dates as early as 1993
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Roadmap for Optical Data Storage DevicesRoadmap for Optical Data Storage DevicesRoadmap for Optical Data Storage Devices
CD (0.7)CD (0.7)DVDDVD--5 (4.7)5 (4.7)
DVDDVD--9 (8.7)9 (8.7)
BlueBlue--ray, UDOray, UDO(23(23--30)30)
DVD BlueDVD Blue--5050(50)(50)
TimeTime
Capacity (GB)Capacity (GB)DHD DHD –– Red (15Red (15--120 GB)120 GB)
DHD DHD –– Blue (1000+ GB)Blue (1000+ GB)
DHD DHD –– Green (150Green (150--800 GB)800 GB)
1982 1995 2003 2005 2010
Holographic Storage Technology
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Holographic Storage Provides Higher Capacity and PerformanceHolographic Storage Provides Higher Holographic Storage Provides Higher Capacity and PerformanceCapacity and Performance
Data Transfer Rate, MB/sec
Storage Capacity per Cartridge (GB)
HIGH
LOWDVD-RAM
M/O
DLT
IBM Tapes
LTO, S-DLT
1 10 100 1,000
1,000
100
10
1
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Advantages of Holographic Data StorageAdvantages of Holographic Data StorageAdvantages of Holographic Data StorageHigh Capacity removable media• 200 GB to >1 TB per 130mm disk• Higher densities allow for compact high-capacity media
• 100 GB on a business cardHigh Performance• 100’s of MB/sec• Random access
Low-Cost Media ($0.1 to $0.01/GB)• High-quality photopolymers• Significant cost reductions over tape cartridge since only media in
cartridgeArchival Media• >50 yrs data lifetimes (Aprilis media)• Robust (can withstand mechanical shocks)• No head crashes (mm-type separations between media and optics)
Hardware Data Encryption• Ex. 256x256 bit code encryption of holographic media
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Why Now?Why Now?Why Now?
CMOS Sensors
Lasers
Liquid Crystal Displays
••Holographic Storage Enabled by Consumer TechnologiesHolographic Storage Enabled by Consumer Technologies
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
High Capacity Storage:Target Entry MarketsHigh Capacity Storage:High Capacity Storage:Target Entry MarketsTarget Entry Markets
Medical Archives• Image databases• Pattern analysis: genomics,
proteomics, pharmaceuticals• Medical records Enterprise Archives
Commerce data warehousesInvestment analysisInternet (e-commerce)
Document ManagementUtilities/telecomHealth careGovernment recordsInsurance/banking
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Holographic LibraryAprilis Holographic LibraryAprilis Holographic Library
Multi 10-100’s of TByte library
Multiple drives
Near on line data delivery
Lower storage management overhead• Holographic media per GB takes up ~ ½
volume of tape
⇒ Lower total cost of ownership• Lower media cost• Longer media lifetime• Random access
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Holography - BasicsHolography Holography -- BasicsBasics
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
HolographicHolographic RecordingRecording for Digital Data for Digital Data StorageStorage
Laser Source
SLM
Media
Data RecordingV/λ3 via Multiplexing
θi
z
x
y
θφφj
Data Readout
Media
Laser Source
Detectorθi
φj
•Change θi and φj to co-locationally multiplex each new data page
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Holographic Recording TechnologyAprilis Holographic Recording TechnologyAprilis Holographic Recording Technology
Photopolymer Comprising of:Cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) monomers
•Low shrinkage (ring opening compensates for shrinkage induced by polymerization)
Polynuclear aromatic photosensitizing dyes•Designed to sensitize media to a particular laser wavelength
•Ex. 655 nm, 532 nm, 405 nm
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Media FormatAprilis Media FormatAprilis Media FormatDisks or Coupons• Equipment for automated assembly of both formats• Dow-Corning as strategic partner to mass produce chemicals required
Glass or plastic substrates sandwiching Aprilis photopolymer
Disks: 120 mm, 130 mm ODCoupons: 30 to 50 mm squares
Thickness of Aprilis photopolymer determines storage capacity• Higher Bragg selectivity – smaller ∆θ required to address new data page• Demonstrated 100 Gb/in2 in only 400 µm thick layer
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Plane Wave Test BedPlane Wave Test BedPlane Wave Test Bed
Laser, λ1
Shutter
Rotary λ/2 waveplate
P-polarizationS-polarization
Rotary λ/2 waveplate
Collimating Lens
Objective Lens
Spatial Filter
S-polarization
Polarization Beamsplitter
M1
M2
M3
M4
Rotary stage (angle multiplexing)
Rotary stage (peristrophic multiplexing)
Aprilis photopolymer media
Detector, D1
Monitor beam, λ2
Detector, D0Detector, D2
Shutter
Media testing (M/#, shrinkage, sensitivity, etc.)Record typically 300-2000 co-locational plane-wave holograms
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Co-locational Multiplexed Plane Wave Recording
CoCo--locationallocational Multiplexed Plane Multiplexed Plane Wave RecordingWave Recording
Recording Sensitivity (cm/mJ) and Grating Strength versus Cumulative Recording Fluence (mJ/cm2) for Type C Formulation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Cumulative Fluence
Sens
itivi
ty
Sensitivity Grating Strength
Media processed for <0.1% shrinkage
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Media PerformanceAprilis Media PerformanceAprilis Media Performance
No post-processing of media required• Dry chemistry
Low absorbance after recording (media “bleaches”)• αL < 0.005
Lowest scatter of any holographic media (as measured by IBM during PRISM program)• < 7·10-7 srad-1 µm -1
High ∆n• Up to 0.001
High recording sensitivityLow shrinkage (<0.1%)
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Media Shelf-LifeMedia ShelfMedia Shelf--LifeLifeMedia stored 0-7 months before recording holograms
Recording Sensitivity (cm/mJ) and Grating Stength versus Cumulative Recording Fluence (mJ/cm2) for ULSH-500- 7A [200 micron thickness ] at 0, 4, and 7 Months After Initial
Preconditioning Treatment for Co-locationally Multiplexed Plane-wave Holograms
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Cumulative Fluence (mJ/cm2)
Sens
itivi
ty (c
m/m
J)
Sensitivity-0 months Sensitivity-4 months Sensitivity-7 monthsGrating Str.- 0 months Grating Str.-4 months Grating Str.-7 months
[storage under dry conditions at ambient temperature]
Gra
ting
Stre
ngth
Σ η
0.5
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Media LifetimeMedia LifetimeMedia Lifetime360 co-locationally recorded holograms70°C Oven test for up to 390 hrs
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
Left Satellite Left 1s t Null Peak Right 1s t Null Right Satellite
Diff
ract
ion
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
0H
60H
150H
222H
390H
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Media LifetimeMedia LifetimeMedia Lifetime
Archivability• Aging study at 60, 70 and 80 ºC with short excursions to room
temperature every 24-48 hours. Type C material
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
1/T(1000)
Tim
e, h
ours
Projected 50 years
Test ongoing80°C
70°C 60°C
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Storage System Test Bed
Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Storage System Test BedStorage System Test Bed
Custom Read LensSLM
Custom Write Lens
∆θ
Reference Beam 1
Reference Beam N
Detector
Aprilis Photopolymer
4F Configuration that images SLM array onto Detector Array
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
22
21
12
σσ +
−=
mmSNR
•• M=50 Data Page of M=75 CoM=50 Data Page of M=75 Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed in T= 400 Multiplexed in T= 400 µµmm
512 x 512 data pages
Pixel error rate = 3.7·10-3
Histogram of detector pixel readings
Error Map
Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/µm2 (~50 Gb/in2)Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/µµmm22 (~50 Gb/in(~50 Gb/in22))
Threshold Algorithm 1 and modulation, no equalization
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
22
21
12
σσ +
−=
mmSNR
•• M=60 Data Page of M=100 CoM=60 Data Page of M=100 Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed in T= 400 Multiplexed in T= 400 µµmm
Pixel error rate = 4.9·10-3 Threshold Algorithm 1
and modulation, no equalization
Histogram of detector pixel readings
Error Map
Data Page Recording at ~100 Bits/µm2 (~75 Gb/in2)Data Page Recording at ~100 Bits/Data Page Recording at ~100 Bits/µµmm22 (~75 Gb/in(~75 Gb/in22))
512 x 512 data pages
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
0.00E+00
5.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.50E-07
2.00E-07
2.50E-07
3.00E-07
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Theta Mechanical (º)
Diff
ract
ed P
ower
(W)
Areal Density ~ 150 bits/µm2
M=8 M=24 M=40 M=56
M=20M=90
M=72
M=110M=130
Data Page Recording at ~150 Bits/µm2 (~100 Gb/in2)Data Page Recording at ~150 Bits/Data Page Recording at ~150 Bits/µµmm22 (~100 Gb/in(~100 Gb/in22))
• Diffracted Power vs Theta Scan showing Bragg selectivity• M=155 co-locationally multiplexed 512 x 512 data pages
•Angle (θ) and peristrophic (φ) multiplexing• Raw Pixel Error rate = 5.6·10-3 (threshold algorithm 1 & modulation, no equalization)
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
(Pixel Error Rate)-1 vs Domain Size(Pixel Error Rate)(Pixel Error Rate)--11 vsvs Domain SizeDomain Size
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
1/Areal Density (µm2/bit)
1/R
aw B
ER
300 microns 400 microns 300 microns:Thresholded 400 microns:Thresholded
Acceptable Raw Pixel Error for Holographic System (G. Burr, IBM)
Holoplex 1999
HDSS on rotating disk; 2000
1/R
aw P
ixel
Err
or R
ate
••Aprilis Attains 150 bit/mm2 in Aprilis Attains 150 bit/mm2 in only 400 only 400 µµmm ThicknessThickness
No equalization or ECC applied
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Raw Pixel Error RateRaw Pixel Error RateRaw Pixel Error Rate
Planar-angle and Azimuthal Multiplexed Data PagesNo temperature Control; x,y alignment of CCD Detector
I Ref ~ 30 mW/cm2
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
0 20 40 60 80 100Sequential Hologram Number
Raw
BER
400 micron thickness; M =100 300 micron thickness; M=100
400 micron thickness; M=75 300 micron thickness; M=75
400 micron thickness; M=100, Thresholded
••Sequentially Recorded CoSequentially Recorded Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed 512 x 512 Data PagesMultiplexed 512 x 512 Data Pages••Raw Pixel error rate before equalization or ECC appliedRaw Pixel error rate before equalization or ECC applied
Raw Pixel Error rate for different holographic data storage densities
Threshold Algorithm 2
Raw
Pix
el E
rror
Rat
e
Threshold Algorithm 1
Threshold Algorithm 2
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Summary (1)Summary (1)Summary (1)Holography viable solution for 4th Generation Optical Storage Product
• Random access, removable storage• Volume storage rather than surface storage as with DVD• 200 GB to >1 TB in removable 130 mm format• Data rates of 100’s of MB/sec
Photopolymers ideal materials for Holographic Storage• Low-cost material ($0.1 to $0.01/GB)• Various form factors (disk, card, etc.)
Aprilis media• Low Scatter: < 7·10-7 srad-1 µm -1• Low Absorbance After Recording: αL < 0.005 (bleaching)• High recording sensitivity with low shrinkage (<0.1%) • Demonstration of 100 Gb/in2 in only 400 µm thick media
• Highest density demonstrated in photopolymer of any thickness• Material composition tuned to wavelength of operation• Media Stability
• Pre-recorded Shelf Life >1 year • Archivability: Accelerated aging ~50 years
AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03
Summary (2)Summary (2)Summary (2)Basic Manufacturing infrastructure in place• Leverage off of existing products• Miniaturized optical pickups and servos – DVD and CD drives• LC Displays – Computer and Digital cameras• CCD arrays – Digital cameras and machine vision products
Aprilis VulcanTM Drive program• Fundamental IP for Holographic
Process & Architecture• 5 ¼” full-height drive• 5 ¼” media cartridges (200 GB
Capacity)• 75 MB/sec in 1st Gen.• 2005 – Product for Enterprise Storage• 2008 to 2010 – Product for Consumer
Market