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Historia Krajw Anglojzycznych obszaru jzykowego
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PREHISTORICAL TIMES
55 BC
Before Christ it means that prehistory endend there, the proof are knowledge, tales spken betweengenerations, painting in caves, archological discoveres
C.6000 BC
Britain becomes separated from the European mainland sea
4500 BC-3500 BC
Forming techniques are introduced from the continent.
4500 BC- 3500 BC
Simple pottery begins to be made
4500 BC- 2500 BC
Increasingly sophisticated stone tools are made using new polishing techniques.
Houses become increasingly solid and permanent.
Earlier Noelitic houses wre often rectangular, but by about 3000 BC roundhouses may have become moreimportant. This coincidens with the apperance of circular ritual moniuments, such as henges and passagegraus.
4500 BC- 25000 BC
Carpentry and coppice woodworking is developed.
The hollowing out of trees for lon-boats bagan in the Mesolithic (Middle Ston Age) but carpentry (usinglarge structural timbers for bulding) was a Noelithic (Late Ston Age) innovation. Coppicing is the regularcutting back of a tree or shrub to stimulate the rapid growth of schoots. The polished flint axe was the
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main tool used. Large trees were felled with axes and split into planks. Smaller rods and poles, cut fromcoppiced hazel, alder and willow, where woven to make fances and hurdles.
4500 BC- 2000 BC
- Flint and stone begins to be mined from underground
- Small permanent settlements are developed
4000 BC- 3000 BC
Communal burial begins to be practised
Earlier Noelithic ( Late Ston Age) communities buried their dead in chambered tombs.
At Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of PapaWestray, a Neolithic formstead has been wonderfully wellpreserved, and is claimed to be the oldest preserved ston house in northern Europe, with radiocarbondating showing that it was occupied from 3500 Bc to 3100 BC, earlier than the very sililar houses in thesettement of Stara Brae.
3500 BC
First ceremonial centers appear.
First stone circles and henges' are built
The most popular- Staonehenge
3000 BC
-Passage" graves are developed
-Settelements proliferate and more land is clear from farming
3000 BC- 1500 BC
Ritual landscapes' like henges and round barrows proliferate
3000 BC- 1500 BC
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single graves in round borrows replace communal burial
C. 2500 BC
Metalworking develops with improvements in furnace technology
Metalwork increasingly sophisticated.
Early Bronze Age( 2500-1500 BC) saw the regular production of more sophisticated metalwork, consistingmainly of axes, daggers and tanged" spearheads(attached to the shaft by a prong).
Developmnent of bronze axes leads to advances in woodworking techniques.
C. 2400 BC- 2200 BC
Specialist" create highly decorated beaker' pottery beaker' people
2000 BC- 1400 BC
Elite leaders are buried with elaborate grave goods
April- June 2049 BC
Seahenge is constructed on the Nortfolk Coast
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c. 1800 BC
First industrial- scale cooper mines are dug
Mount Gabriel is thought to have produced about 370 tonnes of copper and Great Orme 175 to 235tonnes.
c. 1500 BC- 1200 BC
More sophisticated metal weapons and ornamentation appear
In the Middle Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC) smaller forms of axes (palstaves) began to appear alongsidethe first stocked' spearheads (attached to the shaft by a hole in the base). Thrusting weapons (dirks,rapiers) appeared, as well as elaborate bronze pins and bracelets.
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1500 BC- 800 BC
Ceremonial practices change as new religious ideas develop
Before about 1500 BC rituals, ceremonies and religion followed practices established in the later Neolithic(Late Stone Age). After the date, burial in round barrows was replaced by cremation in cemeteries, with orwithout barrows. From about 1500 BC, hoards of metal items occur with increasingly frequency, oftenplaced in or near wet places as votive offerings- a practice that continued through the Iron Age.
c. 1500 BC-800 BC
Lighter socketed' axes prove to be effective woodworking tools
Prior to the 1970s, the smaller, lighter socketed' axes (attached to the shaft through a hole) of the LateBronze Age were regarded as being functionally inefficient. They are known in huge numbers from hoardsfound across the British Isles. But recent evidence from preserved timbers and complete wooden
hafts(shafts or handles), has shown they were both effective and adoptable tools, with the heavy, well-balanced hafts compensating for the relative lightness of the axe head.
1500 BC-800 BC
Major lowlands valleys are extensively settled
c.1200 BC- 800 BC
Production of metal objects increases and diversities rapidly
In the Late Bronze Age(1200-800 BC) both forms and quantities of metalwork increased rapidly. Majorinnovations were smaller stocketed' axes (attached to the shaft through a hole) and swords with leaf-shaped blades intended for slashing.
The Celts
c. 1200 BC- 800 BC
Celtic culture and tribal kingdoms start to emerge
Changes in religion, ceremonial and burial practices imply social change. The new structure persistedthrough the Iron Age and has been labeled as Celtic'. It seems probable that the late Bronze Agecontrolling elites comprised a large proportion of society and may have been centered upon a warrioraristocracy'. This is the period when the numerous tribes of Britain began to combine into the largegroupings that became the named tribal kingdoms of the Iron Age.
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Middle Irish, ancestral to:
Irish
Scottish Gealic
Manx
BRYTONIC
Pictish 9possibly)
British
Cumbric(extinct)
Old Welsh, ancestral to;
Middle Welish, ancestral to:
Welsh
Southwester Brythonic ancestral to:
Breton
Cornish
800 BC-700 Bc
First hill forts are constructed
Originating in the late Bronze Age (1000 BC- 800 BC), the hill forts of the early Iron Age are found over awide area of the British Isles.
700 BC- 500 BC
-Ironworking technology becomes widespread
Iron objects dating from the sixth or even seventh century BC are known from England, Scotland andWales, but the widespread adoption of iron only became common during the fourth century BC.
Iron Age tools: saws, chisels and other carpentry tools very similar in form to modern ones.
700 BC- AD 43
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Small farming settlements with networks of fields start to develop\
Throughout the Iron Age there is evidence for extensive networks of field associated with small farmingsettlements. A mixed farming economy is suggested by cattle, sheep and pig remains and the processingof cereals including wheat, barley and oats.
500 BC- 100 BC
British landscape becomes dominated by hill forts
Many of these sites supported sizable populations and acted as service centers for a growing ruralpopulation.
500 BC- AD 0
First brochs" or stone towers are constructed in Scotland
The earliest brochs" date from 500- 200 BC, and many were still occupied into the first millennium AD.They were built using two concentric, dry- stone walls to create a hollow tower. Between The walls weregalleries and stairways leading to upper levels. Wooden upper floors probably provided the main livingspace, with the ground floor used as a secure store for livestock. Brochs are mainly located in northernand western Scotland, Orkney and Sheltland, with the best example at Mousa on Shetland.
Druids
The priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies of Western Europe, Britain and Ireland
Religion
Scholarship
Teaching
Medicine
History
330 BC
Pytheas of Massilia circumnavigates Britain
Pytheas of Massilia (now Marseilles), a Greek merchant and explorer, circumnavigated the British Islesbetween about 330 and 320 BC and produced the first written record of the islands. He described theinhabitants as skilled wheat farmers, usually peaceable, but formidable in war when they used horse-drawn chariots. He also described the Cornish trade in tin with the Mediterranean.
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300 BC- AD 0
Somerset Levels lake villages of Glastonbury and Meare are built
Built on large timber platforms, these settlements were set on the edge of a now vanished area of marshand open water. In Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, smaller lakeside settlements called crannogs'are known.
200 BC- AD 0
Highly-skilled gold and bronze smiths create decorative objects
The later Iron Age saw the creation of superb bronze and gold objects. Many of those items weredeliberately buried or placed in rivers and lakes, probably as religious offerings.
Finds from the Thames include the Battersea Shield and the Waterloo Helmet.
200-75 BC
Belgae arrive:
the establish first towns
they bring heavy ploughs
100 BC Coins are use and produced for the first time
Cunobelinus ( Cymbeline)- Celtic king
Late summer 55 BC Roman general Julius Caesar raid south east England
After conquering Gaul ( modern France and Belgium), Julius Caesar crossed the Channel with twolegions- about 10, 000 men- probably to carry out reconnaissance and send a warning to the British allies
of Gaulish tribes.
Summer 54 BC Julius Caesar launches a full- scale invasion of England
Julius Caesar invaded Britain for the second time with five legions- about 25,00 men- and won a series ofbattles before his fleet at Deal was oca again wracked by storms. An impending rebellion in Gaul forcehim to withdraw, never to return, but Britain was now within Rome's sphere of influence.
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Summer 52 BC Renegade Gaulish leader Commius, who fled to Britain, founds a new kingdom
Commius, ruler of the Gaulish Atrebates tribe, fled Gaul and became king of the Atrebates tribe of south-central England, with a capital at Silchester( near Reading). There he issued his own coinage, the earliestexamples dating from 30 BC.
50 BC- AD 43
Very large settlements known as "oppida" emerge
The settlements know as "oppida" (from Latin, meaning an administrative centre) were usually very largesites, sometimes defined by rivers or long ditches and banks. Many are associated with centres of tribalpower, trade with the Roman world and rich burials. Examples include Colchester, St Albans andSilchester in southern England. By the time of the Roman invasion, the could be found as far north asStanwick in YORKSHIRE. No oppida are know in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Roman and Celtic
Late summer 55 BC
Roman general Julius Ceasar raid south east England
Summer 54 BC
Julius Caesar launches a full- scale invasion of England
Summer 27 BC
Roman emperor Agustus plans The invasion of Britan
Roman influence grows in souther Britain
c.Winter AD 9/10
Cunobelinus becomes king of the Catuvelauni tribe
Cunobelinus (William Shakespare's Cymbeline), ruled the Catuvelllauni for about 30 years and conquereda huge territory
Winter AD 39/ 40
AD 61 Boudicca the queen of the Iceni, one of the Celtic tribes, led one of the last great rebellions againstthe Romans
The wall, know as Hadrian's wall, is 73 miles long and stretches from Newcastle to Solway. It was builtbetween AD 122 and AD 128.
Roman empire in 117 AD (map)
Britain became a Roman province with privileged municipalities: York, Gloucester, Lincoln, Colchester andVerulamium
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(jurisdiction over an area of a presently- day county)
The rest of Britain was divided into cantons that corresponded to Celtic tribal areas.
caster', chester', or cester'(from castra'-camp) such as Chester, Lancaster, Gloucaster, Winchester, etc.
Roads
Pretani"- Britannia"
Skills of reading and writing
Romans leaving Britain- 409 AD
Anglo- Saxons
432 patrick begins his missionary work in Ireland
449 Angles and Saxons arrive in south east Britain
516 Britons under an unknown leader defeat the Angles and Saxons at Mount Badon
565 columbia founds a monastery on the Scottish island of Iona
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597 Augustine arrives in Kent and begins the conversion of England
Christians in England:
To be equal to European monarchs
To have prastiage and gain power
116 Ethelberht, the first Christian English king dies in Kent
664 Synod of Whitby is held to settle differences between Roman and Celtic clergy
668 Theodore is consecrated as archbishop of Canterbury
731 Bede finishes his "Ecclesiastical history of English People"
757Offa comes to the throne of Merccia (757-69)
789 first recorded Viking attack happens in Dorset
Tiw, Woden and Thor and the goddess Freya
shire- reeve (a reeve is a high officer- our word sheriff comes from the word shire- reeve)
Place names:\
ing=family, folk(Reading- place of the family Rada)
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harm- farm, ton=settlement (Nottingham)
Witan
Section of crops harvest.
Spring crops
Autumn crops
Left unplanted
The heptarchy:
East Anglia 2. Essex(East Saxons) 3. Kent 4. Mercia 5. Northumb 6.Susex(South Saxons) 7.Wessex( west Saxons)
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781- first attack of Northerns Vikings
793- attack monastery
829- conquest of Mercia
867- Viking armies capture York (base for future attack inside the land of England), attack Mena, kill bothAnglo- Saxon king, kill Edmund ( Vikings come to England to settle)
886- After agree a heavy with Vikings to divide England
899- Alfred of Wassex dies, Alfred the Great. Wassex only independent city from Vikings for repossessingthe West of England
Aeth Ethelstan- king of Wassex first king of England
Attack of Normand and Vikings
Normandfrom Northern France
954- end of rule of Vikings in England
973- Edgar- king of England, then murdered by his enemies
1013- Vikings from Denmark again in power, Edward flies away
1016- king of Denmarkking of England
Edward the Confessor
Herold Godwinsion
William the Buster
THE NORMAN CONQUES
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Normandy
Normandy is a region in northern France which in the years prior to 1066 experienced extensive Vikingresettlement. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under theirleader Rollo to settle in northern France.
The Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen from which Normandy is derived.
The Normans- adapted to the indigenious culture, renounced paganism and converted to Christianity;adopted the language d'oil of their new home and added features from their own Norse language,transforming it into the Norman language.
1002- the King of England Edward the Confessor , who had spent many years in exile in Normandy,succeeded to the English throne
1066 King Edward the Confessor died
Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerfulof the English aristocracy, who was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned byArcybishop Aldred.
Duke William claims that he had been promised the throne by King Edward at that Harold has swornagreement to this.
Harald III of Norway (herald Hardraada), also contests the succession.
Both William and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships for an invasion.
September 1066Harald Hardrada, King of Norway , invades England.
20 September 1066Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, defeats the English at the Battle of Fulford
25 September 1066Harold II defeats and kills Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge
28 September 1066William of Normandy lands at Pevensey on the South coast of England
14 October 1066William of Normandy defeats and kills Harold II at Hastings
1070William the Conqueror subdues the north of England
1070
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first Norman stone castle is built in Wales
31 My 106Revolt of the Earls' endswith the execution of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria
1077Bayeux Tapestry illustrating the Battle of Hastings is completed.
Christmas 1085Domesday Book is instituted to survey the English lands of William the Conqueror
1 August 1086Landholders swear loyalty to William the Conqueror at Salisbury
9 September 1087William the Conqueror dies at Rouen, Normandy
26 September 1087William II (William Rufus, second son of William the Conqueror) is crowned at Westminster Abbey
2 November 1088William II defeats a rebellion against him
28 May 1089Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury dies
July 1091Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, invades England
6 March 1093Anselm of Bec becomes archbishop of Canterbury
11 August 1093work begins on a new cathedral church at Durham
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The feudal system
Sovereign
Barons or tenants- in- chief (vassals)
Knights
Peasants
26 September 1087
William II (William Rufus, second son of William the Conqueror) is Ccrowned at Westminister Abbey
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2 November 1088
William II defeats a rebellion against him
28 May 1089
Landfranc, archibishop of Canterbury, dies
July 1091
Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, invades England
6 March 1093
Anselm of Bec becomes archbishop of Canterbury
11 August 1093
Work begins on a new cathedral church at Durham
1096 Oxford University is funded
Balliol Collage, Merton Collage, University Collage
September 1096
William II takes custody of Normandy for three years
8 November 1097
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, leaves England after a row with William II
2 August 1100
William II is killed while hunting in the New Forest
5 August 1100
Henry I is crowned in Westminster Abbey
23 September 1100
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, returns to England
20 July 1101
Robert, Duke of Normandy, invades England
10 August 1103
Massive storm wrecks crops
28 September 1106
Henry I defeats and captures his brother, Robert of Normandy
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25 July 1110
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, is crowned empress of the Germans
Midsummer 1114
Henry I invades Wales, Forcing Gwynedd and Powys to submit
20 August 1119
Henry I defeats Louis VI, king of France, at the Battle of Bremule
25 November 1120
Henry I's son, William, drowns on the "White Ship"
25 December 1126
Henry I settles the accession on his daughter, MatildaThe following year, Matilda, widowed by the death of her husband the German emperor, Henry V, was
married to Geoffrey of Anjou, nicknamed Plantagenet'(after the boom flower, which he adopted as hisemblem)
22 December 1135
Stephan is crowned king after the death of Henry I in Normandy
September 1136
Welsh forces defeat Normand lords in the Battle of crung Mawr
30 september 1139
Matilda lands at Arundel, West Sussex, to claim the throne of England
2 November 1148
Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, dies
May 1152
Henry of Anjou- the future Henry II of England- marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
The marriage brought a vast of France into Henry's possession.
1153
Treaty of Wallingford secures Henry of Anjou's claim to English Throne
January 1153
Henry of Anjou arrives in England to press his claim for the throne
4 December 1154
Englishman Nicholas Breakspear becomes Pope Hadrian IV
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19 December 1154
Henry II, The first Plantagenet' king, accedes to The throne
House of Normand
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19 December 1154
Henry II, The first Plantagenet' king, accesed to The throne
29 December 1170
Henry II's sol dier murder Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
October 1171
Henry II visits Ireland to assert his ovnership
6 July1189
Henry II dies and is successed by his brother John
1209
Migrant schoolars establish a university of Cambridge
27 July 1214
John loses Normandy and Rother French Possesion after Battle of Buuuiness
John lack land' and soft sword'
15 June 1215
John and his Boros signs The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta:
- Taxes and Propert Rights: The Magna Carta prevented The king from raising taxes without his Barons'permission, except in a few special situations, and from demanding goods Or services without paymentfrom his free subjects. It also limited the power of the barons levy taxes on their own feudal subjects, andprotected debtors from having their land seized to pay their debts, except as a last resort.
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- Inheritance: The Magna Carta protected the widows and heirs of barons from having to payunreasonable fees to receive their inheritance, and ensured that they would receive enough money to liveon even if their husbands or fathers died in debts, as well as making the royal officials who managed theexrates of underage heir accountable for how the estates were run. It also limited the power of the king toforce the widows and children of barons to marry, a power John had abused for his own profit.
- Justice and the Courts: The Magna Carta set up permanent courts for different kinds of case, and forcedroyal official who accused someone of a crime to produce witness to prove their case. It protected freemen from fines that would ruin them or that were out of proportion to their crime, and protected noblesfrom being picked except by the rest of the nobility. On the other hand, The Magna Carta also establishedthat priest could be fined under the same rules as lay people.
One of the most significant and tossing clauses in the Magna Carta is clause 39, which protects free manfrom being arrested or punished in any way unless the punishment has been agreed by a jury of theirequals or decreed by law. This is called the right of habeas corpus. John had also a promise that To noone will we sell, to o one deny or delay right or justice'.
-Making pace: some of the permissions of the Magna Carta undid things John had done as king,especially during the war with the barons, that the barons, that the barons considered unfair F.e., Johnhad to restore public land he had claimed as royal property; investigates charges that his officials had
mismanaged his properties, return any money or property he had taken from the barons as punishment forcrimes that had never been properly tried in a court, and sack Gerard de Athee, a nobleman who hadbeen John's right-hand man and had enforced a lot of John's unpopular policies. Gerard and his familywere banned from ever holding public office again.
To make peace with the Barons, John was also forced to dismiss his army of foreign soldiers andmercenaries, and to release the hostages he had taken during the war (including the children of Englishnobles and Welsh and Scottish royalty).
-Existing Freedoms; the government of the city of London, along with other local governments, had alwayshad certain freedoms, mainly having to do with free trade[4]; the Magna Carta confirmed these. It alsoconfirmed that both English subjects and citizens of other countries had the right to enter or leave Englandfreely, unless they had been legally arrested or exiled, or come from a country at wra with England. Most
important, John established the independence of the English Church, including its rights to its own leadersand officials.
-The Council of Barons: One of the most important steps the Magna Carta took was setting up a council oftwenty five barons to enforce the right it granted. The council had the right to challenge the king if he orany of his officials broke any of the provisions of the Magna Carta, and if the king refused to makereparations, the council could force him to comply by seizing his castles, land and property. The MagnaCarta ever obliged the public to make the council's side against the king if this happened.
The council wasn't elected by the people- when members died or left, the removing members choosenoblemen to replace them- but by setting up a group of subjects with the power to hold the king toaccount, and punish him if he didn't abide by the law, the Magna Carta paved the way for later creation ofParliament.
1216-1217
France invades England in support of rebel barons and John dies.
28 October 1216
Henry III is crowned king of England
25 September 1237
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Treaty of York decides the Anglo-Scottish border. The Treaty of York, signed between Henry III ofEngland and Alexander II of Scotland, fixed the Anglo-Scottish border. It has remained unaltered town ofBarwick. Barwick alternated between even since, with the exception of the disputed town of Barwick.Barwick alternated between English and Scottish control before its final capture by the English in 1482.
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1245
Henry III begins to rebuild Westminster Abbey
1258
Rebellious barons create a council to advice Henry III
4 December 1259
Treaty of Paris settles the future of English possession in France
1265
Simon de Montfort's parliament' is summoned
1267
Henry III acknowledge Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's lordship in Wales
20 November 1272
Henry III dies and is succeeded by his son Edward
1282
Edward I defeats Welsh leaders and annexes Wales in 1301, he made his eldest son, also Edward, princeof Wales, a title the eldest son of the English monarch continues to take to this day.
July 1290
Edward I expels, all Jews from England
1295
Edward I summons his Models Parliament.
5 July 1295
Scotland and France seal the Auld Alliance'
23 August 1305
Scottish rebel William Wallalace is executed by the English
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7 July 307
Edward I dies and is succeeded by his son Edward II
1315-1322
Millions die in the Great European Famine
1316
Edward Bruce leads on expedition to Ireland
September 1326
Isabella invades England and overthrows Edward II
20 January 1327
Edward II is murdered and Edward III becomes king
1330
Edward III seizes control of the throne from his mother, Isabella
Hundred Years' War Between England and France begins 1337-1453
1337
King Philippe VI of France declared the duchy of Guyenne fortified by Edward III for the latter's harboringRobert d'Artois a troublesome criminal in the eyes of French crown. Edward III sent letter of defiance to
Pilip of Valois, who calls himself king of France'- These incidents are usually cited as the Beginning of theHundred Year's War.
1338
Edward' III's ambitions were supported by the newly appointed leaders of the Flemish- townsman seekingindependence from France.
Jacob von Artevelde formed commercial treaty with Edward III and encourage Edward to claim the FrenchCrown.
1339
Edward III's first personally led campaign in France (launched from Flenders into Thieracte) provedineffective, as well as financially costly. He returned to England to a better prepare for a future invasion.
26 August 1346
English defeat the French at the Battle of Crcy.
7 July 1348
Black Death' enters Britain
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19 September 1356 Edward the Black Prince' defeats and captures John II, King of France
22 June 1377
Edward III dies and is succeeded by Richard II
15 June 1381
Peasants Revolt is dispersed by Richard II at Smithfield, London
1382
Winchester College is founded
December 1384
Church reformer John Wyclif dies
1387
Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" appear
October 1394- May 1395
Richard II makes an expedition to Ireland
30 September 1399
Henry IV is proclaimed king of England
1413
St. Andrews is established as first Scottish University
20 March 1413
Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son Henry V
1414
Rebel Zollands are defeated by Henry V
25 October 1415
Henry V defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt
21 May 1420
Charles VI cedes France to Henry V in the Treaty of Troyes
31 August 1422
Henry VI becomes king of England and France before his birthday
21 September 1435 Treaty of Arrars break the alliance between Burgundy and England
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1437
Henry VI assumes power as a king of England
Joan of Arc
Saint Joan of arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc; c.1412-30 May 1431) is a national heroine of France and acatholic saint. A peasant girl born in Easter France, she lead the French army to several importantvictories during the Hundred Year's War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for thecondition of Charles III. She was captured by the Burundians, sold to the English, tied, by an ecclesiasticalat court, and burned at the stoke when she was nineteen years old. 24 years later, on the initiative ofCharles VII, who could not possibly afford being seen as having been brought to paver with the aid of acondemned heretic Pope Celluxtus III reviewed the decision of the ecclesiastical court, found herinnocent, and declared her a martyr. She was beatified in 1909 and later canonized in 1920. She is one ofthree patron saints of France.
17 July 1453
The France defeat the English at the Battle of Castillon- the end of the Hundred Years' War.
22 May 1455
Wars of the Roses with the first Battle of 5th Albans
The House of York- was a brunch of the English royal House of Plantagenet ( three of whom becameEnglish kings in the late 15th century. The House o York wa descented from Edmund of Langley, 1 stDuce of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward II:
Edward IV
4 March 1461- 3 October 1470
Edward V
9 April- 25 June 1483 (murdered)
Richard III
26 June 1483-1485
The House of Lancaster- was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Lancaster providedEngland with 3 kings:
Henry IV of England
1399-1413
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Henry V of England
1413-1422
Henry VI of England
1422-1467/1470-1471
29 March 1461
Lancaster's are defeated at Towton Edward IV is proclaimed king
30 October 1470
Henry VI is briefly restored to The throne
4 may 1471
Yorkshire defeat the Lancastrions and kill Edward Prince Of wales
1477
William Caxton publishes the first printed book in England
9 April 1483
Edward IV dies and is succeeded by his 12- year old son Edward V
July 1483
Richard III becomes king and the Prnces' in the Tower' disappear
22 august 1485 Henry Tudor defeats Richard III AT The Battle of Bosworth
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HOUSE OF TUDOR
The Tudor Rose; a combination of The Red Rose of Lancaster and The White Rose of York.
THE TUDORS
HENRY VII
30 October 1485 Coronation
4 June 1487 Henry VII defeats a Pretender to his throne at the Battle of Stoke
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24 February 1496 Henry VII signs the Magnus Intercursus" trade treaty with the Netherland
2 April 1502 Arthur, Prince of Wales dies, leaving his widow, Catharine of Aragon
8 August 1503 James IV of Scotland marriages Margaret, daughter of Henry VII of England
21 April 1509 Henry VII dies and is succeeded by Henry VIII
9 September 1513 James IV of Scotland is Defeated and killed at the Battle of Flodden Field
1515 Thomas Wolsey becomes a cardinal and Lord Chancellor
17 October 1521 The pope grants Henry VIII the title Defender of the Faith"
1527 Henry VIII appeals to the pope to annul his marriage
15 May 1532 Church agrees to support Henry VIII in his confrontation with the papacy
25 January 1533 Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn, following divorce from Catharine of Aragon
November 1534 Act of supremacy makes Henry head of the English church
6 July 1535 Former Chancellor Sir Thomas More is executed for treason
The ruins if Fountain Abbey as they stand today. Fountain Abbey was one of most important abbeys ofEngland before Henry VIII's programme of confiscating Church lands and property.
1536-1540 Henry VIII starts to confiscate and sell monasteries
1536 Hans Holbein, a German artist, becomes painter to the king
19 May 1536 Henry VIII's second wife Anne Boleyn is executed
Portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger.
Anna Boleyn when she was briefly Henry's queen (1533-1536)
4 August 1536 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer receives the first Bible in English
12 October 1537 A male heir, Edward, is born to Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
1541 Henry VIII changes his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland
14 December 1542 James V of Scotland dies
28 January 1547 Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by nine- year- old Edward VI
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