(HAT) Validity of the inventory for testing a height ...

Post on 15-Oct-2021

1 views 0 download

Transcript of (HAT) Validity of the inventory for testing a height ...

�������� (HAT)����� ���1)

� � � ���� � ���� � � ���������������

Validity of the inventory for testing a

height avoidance tendency (HAT)

Yasuaki H6<6, Kiyoshi IH=>>, and Keiichiro THJ?>

University of Human Environments�, and Nagoya University��

This study examined the validity of the newly devised inventory for testing a heightavoidance tendency (HAT). The inventory tested two aspects of avoidance: approaching a height,and looking down from a height. The participants were divided into high and low avoidancegroups on the basis of their HAT scores, and their skin conductance responses (SCRs) wererecorded during exposure to video clips of heights. The total, and some componential, HAT scoreswere positively correlated with self-rated intensities of the fear of heights, whilst there was nosignificant correlation with the trait scores of the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Sig-nificantly more SCRs were obtained for the high avoidance group than for the low avoidancegroup in responses to the videos. These results successfully demonstrated that the HAT was validfor selecting participants with a high tendency to avoid heights, and suggested that the test wouldbe a useful tool for investigating the development and mode of spatial emotions evoked throughperceptual and cognitive processes.

Key words : fear of height, Height Avoidance Tendency Inventory (HAT), skin conductanceresponse

� �

� ����� !�"�#$%��&�'()*+,-.�!�/01 �� 2��.�3 )456-7.�89: �;+<=>?�(@AB01 2���.�C3 (specific phobia))D61 2��.�C3 (ac-

rophobia))��D6- (American Psychiatric Asso-

ciation, 2000)7 E(F�AB1 .��GH)�I' J

�K��L!MN�1 OP�Q%R�S�PTU�V8+H@-W)XY-7��.�C�Z ![!?"#)'(\]0$^J%�!OP_�`� abc61 d&efghi��jkjlmno?'�(p( )�qr8K*:+sD6 �- (Emmelkamp, Bruyzeel, Drost, & van der Mast,

2001; North, North, & Coble, 1997)7 ,-1 ��.���+t.!�uvw�x/?by@01 .��GHz0!x�{|���1 ��.�),�}�~�)�1�2�%R1 �3J%�#k��gh845�Y-7��.�C��)' �:6'D6 �-X���)

�1 Cohen (1977)#� ��D6(��.�C�7�8� (Acrophobia Questionnaire: AQ)8Y-7 W���01 20����A9`�-p� ��:��-1;�<�������g��=>�%R� �� 1R�.��/?~,-� ��/���1 F�p�?R�.���(�� ������ �?�?�b-X��Y-7

� Department of Human Environments, Universityof Human Environments, 6�2 Kamisanbonmatsu,Motojyuku-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444�3505

1) @\]0A� 14�16&� �\]BC¡¢�D\] B �\]£EF¤ 143100441 \]GH¥��� �\]��I)' p�( ���1 2005�7 ¦§�¦¨`#©¦§���ªJY(� 01 «K¬­1 «KL®1 ¯°Mp1 ±N²³1 O´µ�1 dP ¶1 QRST1 PP�³�·U¸=¹)¸ºV?W(7 »' ¼½?H@-7

Copyright 2011. The Japanese Psychonomic Society. All rights reserved.

The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science

2011, Vol. 29, No. 2, 109�117��������

AQ��������� ������ Wolpe &

Lang (1964)� ����� (Fear Survey Schedule)

��� ����������������� � ���!��"�#$%&�'(#& Cohen (1977)�)*+,���'- (����� �� �&���.#/��012#��+3(#4567&� � ����Menzies & Parker (2001)�)*+��8��'- �9�012���� Spielberger (1983)&:;/<�.012�� (State-Trait Anxiety In-

ventory: STAI)4�'<&� =�����#���>7 ��?�12�"�#��+3�<-(9����� �� �&@�A�0�.#�B�CD+3(#4567- (�E�%�/�F(2005)�� �4GH7IJ�.�KEL9�� ���B.�M'�NO�'- �� �4GH7IJ

+3PQR���S��T&UV�W�� XY�Z[\�����>]����GH� ^_�.CD`#�B�- V<Pab�� cdef#gh>]#�%i.����;�7j�Ak+3#lm9- (�E�W'��� Pab����GH� ^ab.CD` �_�.CD#B�-#(n+� �o�����pAqrs#/�����t<uv�w�x��y���'zML��{E&|}��' ~��������� 2005�-�m�� �N� AQ+�� �����&���k #���k &�h/�'- V<Menzies & Parker (2001)&:;/< �H��%7w�x+�� ����.�!��!��"��&l#��'�'-(9��{4�$/� F9 (2004)�� �� ���

��.4��7�A+ ^��!�12��` (Height

Table 1. Three factors of height fear obtained with Height AvoidanceTendency Inventory (HAT). Questionnaire was given in Japanese.

Factor Situation

Visual height Window-side at the 30th floor of buildingYs� 30���%

Veranda at the tenth floor of buildingYs� 10������

Window-side at the glassed observation tower� �������&���%

Inside of the fence at rooftop of five-storied building5����Ys������' 

Gondola of Ferris wheel at the top positionK(¡�¢��3£�¤�

Risk of falling Sca#old at the tenth level of constructing spotYs¥_¦k� 10��§k

Narrow bridge with no parapet¨7���'©'ª��

Edge of the sheer cli#«���<¬��

Outside of the fence at rooftop of five-storied building5����Ys������g 

Top of a tall tree�')��

Daily experience Pace of staircase in the school­®��¯��

Curbstone of the sidewalk*+�°�±� ~m²³t� ��

Top of chutes in the park´µ�7O�¶��

Gentle rise in the road·�¢�

Top of desk at the studyroom,"¸��

¹ºj�­)* » 29¼ » 2½110

Avoidance Tendency Inventory: HAT)���������� ������ �� 3����� �� ������ ���� ������� ������ 5�� � 15�� (Table 1)���� 2�� �!" ����# �!" �� �!"� ��$�%&'��(�������) �*����+��&� �,+�,�� �(-�.���/'�0�� 12�34����� �.�����5�6 �!�7��"8�#��,�� )93 �� �$ 2005�� 2� ������ %&!�:; ��'��(- �����)�����<')3-&���)=>0������# �!"�?���@��#��A�!"�

)�� �!" �?���B0.(�C��)��A�!"� ��$�%D��)*E)*E+F (2005)������G46��� �,H�,I/ J?�����#��K J?����L-��K J?���B0.(�C�K J?����.��K � 4���� ���)�M�� ?�&N HAT� /0��#)������ �!"�9�%D����0 2�� �!"�1!2O��P46 )*E)*E+F (2005)�QR� Cronbach� aS3�T�6U4 �64�� ���# �!"� ������ aV0.85 ����� aV0.77 ������� aV0.73�(D�� 2� �� �!"� ������ aV0.89 ����� aV0.82 �������aV0.77�(D�� ��WXB0 4Y�� �!"�G46'5�31!2O�/(�)67���)/�Z��8QR� HAT�9���U4���[� 2Y?���:);�"8!"�<=:\��� �>]?=:)�@^�_[�� "8!"�<=� STAI%8`A A-Trait �BCEab 1981� �D4�� ����EcF�)�6�"8!"�<=��'�� ;�"8��)�@^/�d "8�^G��H;QR�efghijkElem\IJ!�K�ndoD �64��)B0 8QR�'L�64�)=>0��� 3GAQ (Cohen, 1977)\� ��MN (Wolpe & Lang,

1964)3p��� ?�0/��� O�6�\P��F=�M!)�64��) �*��+qQ�\�.qQ��r4�P465��=R�6434�)3p�SB0 8QR�oD�3BD��T4� HAT ���:)��sUVWX�YZ[t

�-)�^G�P46U4��� YZ[t�- uvwx\\ywx�MD6z7 ��,��],3^_)

��� H;� {1�|3�}B0`a2�J��~���sU�VW� ?���YZ�j�f�jeb� (skin conductance response: SCR)��7c�)de:�_[�� '� HAT/����!"�f��!��<=���30� ��!"/�4H;��g�G46@�!��c�(�4�de� SCR/�H�)�h ���

� �

��������1�(� Ni��i���)�j�� 35k�l� 15k m� 20k�� n�op 24.1��(D��

sUwx�VW� 21�j�� TV�i� (SHARP

VT-21 FS10)�oD� qr��H;��g�s(t 50

cm�uv��� ?�� sU����+wx�w7���[���x���yz�{�|D��sU(0BH[ DVD��ef�}N� sU�~��:��6�i������ DVD��h� (SONY RDR-A21)�MD6�����2�VW���U�H;g/�#�Z�M& DVD��h������ �¡E¢�£��h�(SONY DCR-PC120)��i��'VW���YZ[t�-�<=� ��b�}N�v �Power-

Lab4/20-ML840 ADInstruments Japan��� ) GSR

¤j��ML116�����oD� GSR[¥ (MLT116F)

H;��g�¦�� 2^)� 3^�������q��� wxVW�¦���/�"A6�s��/�vdM&§W��� YZ[t�-�¨N)�h�����v)����©hª«¡E�j¬­h� (FUJITSU

FMV-DESKPOWER CE9/1007))�h�®KD¤�g¯h°±jEª²m�PowerLab Chart5 for Windows,

ADInstruments Japan�� �oD���

�� ����1� Ai�³1�(�¢¡� 1} �F1: `/

�t 1.5 m� 4} �F4: `/�t 12.0 m� 8} �F8: `/�t 26.0 m� ��B0�.�`��C.´��sUGMµ 4}�J��C.´��sU �F0: J/�t 2.0

m� � 4�~�� ©hª«¡E�j¬­h�/����6oD��� ~�X� �� �¡E¢�£¶·¸ (SONY DCR-PC120)�J�B0 2.0 m�� �¹=�6���sº�L- »���sUwx�X�� 130� ?�°h¯je (a)

{1��.B0Cns(���~������� �60

�� (b)��"BD6CnL-���� �10�� (c)�

�¼E+FE$½ ����!"�� (HAT)�9���P46�U4 111

��������� ������ �10��� (d) ���������������� �20��� (e) ����� !�"#�$��� �10��� (f)%!&'��� �()*+,��$-�� �10��� (g)�������"#���()���� �10��� �.-/01�23456%�7�89:�.;���� (a)�<=�>?���@�8� ABCDE�F�<=�G�1�()HI�J�!�KL8MNO�.;�/ P��<=���Q�R�ST-�T�� <= (d)�U�8ABCDE69:���V��W X�(YZ[\/Figure 18<=]^_�`ab�� �cde��J��.Y� Figure 28 f(d) ����������������g �hi-1�()�� 4j�<=� 1kl�.-/

���mno8pqrstuvwxy 4jz�mn �mn 1

!&mn 4� !&{Y� |}��~���}��T�/

Figure 1. Filming for video clips. Alphabetsinserted in the figure indicate the sequence:(a) staying still at the starting point (60 s), (b)approaching the window (10 s), (c) panningdown (10 s), (d) looking down at the ground(20 s), (e) panning up (10 s), (f) backing awayfrom the window (10 s), and (g) staying stillat the terminal spot (10 s).

Figure 2. Four scenes from the video clips taken at (d) position in Figure 1. (1) approximately 2.0 mabove from floor (F0), (2) approximately 1.5 m above from ground (F1), (3) approximately 12.0 m abovefrom ground (F4), (4) approximately 26.0 m above from ground (F8).

������� � 29� � 2�112

�� 1) HAT������������� Ta-

ble 1��� 15���������� ������������������� 5�� ������ !"��� ����# $%��&'� �� 2) STAI��(� A-Trait� ���)����� 20*������� 4�� �+���,$"����-�,$.�# $%��&'� �� 3) HAT����������� �� 1��/ 15���������� ���01�2�������������� 5�� ������ !"��� ����# $%��&'� �� 4) ��3��45�� 4�6����3��7/����� 5�� �8�9�7/"��:�7/�# $%��&'� �� 4;� ���� ����<=� >�?!��@"�� AB#$�� C�� �������������������%&��#$���� ������D'6()"�?!�6.��'� *E�F���)��� ��� 2# �+,��

���GH;IJ-.�GHK/$�"�� GH0;LM1�2NO�PQRSTRU���V3�� KW;425XYZ�� GHE;� GH[\E�]54 80 cm

�^$67�� *E�F8��_`a ��b 180

cm�9 90 cm# cd�GH[\E6e:;0$f�c,#"�� <g�=6&��GH�h>�?@���i� K/A@�B��4 3CF� )Dj�EF<Mk2�l��� ��F� �^Gm�Hn�I1bo��'� pqrs�;JKs:�tLs:�M��N%uvO�� 3CFwx��-EF<Mk26)��"�d��y;� AP 2CFzP��l��{&�� �,��EF<Mk2�)��|Q���i� 4�R�e:�S}M��� e:M�F~;4 3C$� ��F;pqrs��tL��-.�� "�� e:�M�ST;GH[\EF$����U��� ����e:�M�B� 4 1CFwx���0<g�Vv��� �����%��&'� AB/W�XV�� �����������"d�GH�YZ��

� �

GH[\E 2[���;� GH\N]�^_$EF<Mk26�`$f"�d� ����� 7[���;� )Dj�EF<Mk26)�o�� pqrs��U

������ SCR�� s�U��a%�4b� SCR

6�cZ&�� �� 7[��������� 4�de;� �5� �:�7/�# 6 1[� �4� 6 2[� �3� 6 2[� �2� 6 2[$.v� ���fv;�0�"�d�6� ����gde�hif�6� �� 1 �75eje# $ 35.57� �� 2

�80eje# $ 49.71� �� 3 �75eje# $ 36.57�����-kf"l���� �B��0 9[���r�m���� 26[���r�Cn o��� Cn o 26[��������� ��� 1# ������� ��� 3# �de����� �����/pqy��|Q���'� Cronbach� a�N� r�� ��¡¢� ��������$;� £¤¥¦§$a¨0.64� ©ª¦§$ a¨0.79� Hk¤¥¦§$ a¨0.51

$.d� C�������$;� £¤¥¦§$ a¨0.82� ©ª¦§$ a¨0.79� Hk¤¥¦§$ a¨0.68$.d� st«st«u¬ (2005)�­®�v¯���������������£¤¥¦§�Hk¤¥¦§$�/pqy�6I���6|Qb�� �­®; SCR

����GHp°w�x�p����'� Cn� oE6 26[�y"�d���6��±¦�@>0��

���� � ��� 1� ����� � ��� 3������ 1��� 3����� 15����� ��%����� ����6:�8�de6��"�c,de� (1²5)��l�yl ����� 75eje# � r�� ��¡¢� �� 1�z³; 39.42 (SD¨6.49)��� 3�z³; 37.65 (SD¨8.25)$.d� C�� *deF�{�N; 0.85$� |´$.d� (t(24)¨7.90,

pµ.01) ?@}; 72.25¶$� *de�F:�~�{6Q'0��

���� � ��� 1��� 3� ����� ��� 2������ 2� 20����)%��-. ��%�

���� ·���6��8�de6��"�c,de� �1²4� ¸L*�;¸S 4²1# �� ¹�º�ylde �80eje# � r�� ��l��� 1�gde��{�N; 0.04 (t(24)¨0.20)� �� 3�gde��{�N;»0.03 (t(24)¨»0.15)$.v� ���-|´$;"�d�

���� � ��� 1��� 3� ����� !"#��� 4� ����� 4$d0����3��45��l����

�¼«u¬«�½ ��%���� (HAT)��������°w 113

�������� � ������� ��� 5����� 1�5�������� �!�"� 1�#����$%&'( 0.71��)�*+� (t (24),7.01, p-.01)� .��( 50.41/�0 123�4$%567 8�� ��0 "� 3�#����$%&'( 0.69�0 �)�*+� (t(24),6.45, p-.01)� .��( 47.61/�0 9��123�4$%5:6;8��

��������� ����������<=>?@A B"� 1�"� 3C �<=DEFG��B"� 4C �H��)$%%&567 8���0 "�1�"� 3�IJ��B150���C�KLMNOPQR�STLUV0 26�<>?@AW BHWX YZ 7

0 [Z 6C �\>?@AW BLWX YZ 20 [Z11C �]^V��

HW�_`��( 89.15 (SD,7.97), LW�_`��( 65.00 (SD,6.82)�*a0 tb��cd0 W�_`���H��)e567 8� (t(24),7.98, p-.01)� ��0 HW 13�(<=DEFG��5< B��!54��( 5C R5 10f�8M�50 LW�( 3�g�*+�� hi�0 FG��5\ B��5 1��(2C R( HW� 20 LW� 6�*+��

������������ ����� Figure 3�(0 <=jkl?@A B"� 1C ���l?@A B"� 3C �<=DEm]n�_`���oV��

p"��qU�We�<=DEm]n�rst��7�0 pm]����u4vwx!� M0 W (H/L)y<=DEm] Bz{|}~/��}~/��{|}~C �2�}]�]���+��<=jkl?@A��M�]�]��cd0 W���d (F(1, 24),36.60, p-.01)0 <=DEm]���d(F(2, 48),121.70, p-. 01)0 q�� 2�}���� (F(2, 48),9.62, p-.01) 5 8�8�)�*+�� ��� ��M��]���+����0 We(0 z{|}~ (F(1, 24),51.96, p-.01)���}~ (F(1, 24),14.26, p-.01)��)�*+��; �0 HW�qU�<=DEm]H�e (F(2, 48),92.68, p-.01)� LW�qU�<=DEm]H�e (F(2, 48),38.64, p-.01)��)�*+���0 Tukey� HSD�� M��rs��+�� �cd0 HW�(z{|}~ (M,52.69)0 ��}~ (M,72.60)0 ��{|}~ (M,30.97)� 3}~H��e5�8��)�*+� (p-.05)� LW�(0��}~ (M,57.78, SD,10.08)��� 2}~ Bz{|}~X M,37.47� ��{|}~X M,32.38C H�e5�)�*+� (p-.05)���l?@A��M�]�]��cd0 W���d

(F(1, 24),42.83, p-.01)0 <=DEm]���d (F(2,

48),137.48, p-.01)0 q�� 2�}���� (F(2, 48)

,9.18, p-.01) 5�)�*+�� ��� ��M��]���+����0 We(0 z{|}~ (F(1, 24),34.23, p-.01)���}~ (F(1, 24),18.77, p-.01)��)�*+�� ; �0 HW�qU�<=DEm]H�e(F(2, 48),103.01, p-.01)� LW�qU�<=DEm]H�e (F(2, 48),43.65, p-.01)��)�*+���0Tukey� HSD�� M��rs��+�� �cd0 HW�(z{|}~ (M,53.79)0 ��}~ (M,71.37)0 ��{|}~ (M,30.15)� 3}~H��e5�8��)�*+� (p-.05)� LW�qM�0 z{|}~ (M,36.45)0 ��}~ (M,54.49)0 ��{|}~(M,28.16)� 3}~H��e5�8��)�*+�(p-.05)��� 2��]�]��cd� 0 "������� �0 ��{|}~��� 2}~�( HW���5 L

W�a�<��0 VMW�qM��}~���5��<��5:6;8��

SCR�!"#$�%&'( �����  ¡¢o1�£�;8�¤¥¦§�¨��M(0 ©ª¢o«¬ 1­�� h®5�¯VM0 �¯� 5­�°�±²³�´V0 ��h®�5 0.2 mS���*�µI

Figure 3. Mean scores of high avoidance(Group H) and low avoidance (Group L)groups for three factors of the height fear.VH, RF, DE indicate visual height, risk offalling, and daily experience, respectively.

K¶·�¸¹º » 29¼ » 2½114

� SCR���� �� 2000� ��� ����������

Figure 4�� ������������ SCR��!��� �"��� #�$��%���&' �(H/L)(���� (F0/F1/F4/F8)� 2�)�*+

�,-�./ ��01/ (F(1, 24)211.45, p3.01)������01/ (F(3, 72)23.06, p3.05)4567-�� �����01/�8&' Tukey� HSD���&'9:�;�,-��<= F0 (M21.92)� F4 (M22.42)�>�5?4 @AB� (p3.05)� CDEA ��F"G� SCR�!��� � H��HI4 L�JKLM F4����� ��� 4 F0���F"G���� JKNL&<�4�AE��-��

Figure 5�� ���� SCR�!���"��� <�OPQ�8&'N$��%���&'*+�,-�4 ��01/ (F(1, 24)20.79) �����01/(F(3, 72)20.56) RJS�������TUV� (F(3,

72)20.13)�&WBN56��E-��

� �

X�Y��J-'�AB� 4Z��[ ��\]+EA L^_`a�bc ��a�bc L^d�ef�g� 3h>�5�\]4 @AB�� ��ijek� L^d�4l&Hm L^�_`� <���n bc��N� o�p ,���n bcNl&�&q � <�./� �orst� u��6�M �?�v_ukwrs��x�&-�yz{|4L^d��}~�]��'& <��"�� �<���t� Figure 3�]� *+./�7 JI� rs)���� 5����� �g�4���)��#BJKN5�L&<�EAN"��B �8�K L��uk���67 4�o�rst4�&�� ���w����� JKN �o�rst4L&�� ��������w��D� 6a�bc4&-#Il� �&q ��A� �������JB� L^6~<KI rs��x� <��J-'Nd�4}~�B ��t4�qAB � 7 ����h ��t L^d�ef�g� 4� � �<<EA�S�K�A��q ��M�-���  � !�����h ��t ef�g� 4� � �¡����N-�L&�<=EA¢£�B�N�EN�B�&��q'�M�-�� �¤¥'& � <�JI�"¦g�§¨��x� <��J-'Nd�4}~�B ��qAB ��E� L^_`a�bc���a�bc��©��ª�\]4 @AB Figure 3�"��L^d�«!��©#N�¬�'& � ­$®­$®¯° (2005)

�±²&' 2Z�a�bc�³KD´�4 %µ¶�./� &h4'(6��&<��"��'& � #N#NL^EAo)�p �@�� #��^�_`� <

Figure 4. Mean number of SCRs in responseto video clips taken at di#erent heights, forhigh (Group H) and low (Group L) avoidancegroups.

Figure 5. Mean amplitude of SCRs in responseto video clips taken at di#erent heights, forhigh (Group H) and low (Group L) avoidancegroups.

*·®¯°®¸¹ L^º�bc[ (HAT)�»¼t�8&'�½+ 115

��������� �� ��������������������������� ���� ������� � �!"#�

�� "�$%& ��'�����() ��*+%,-�.���"�/�-����+���0(-� ���/� HAT %1-�2���3����3�"4 %5������%,-�� ����6+78 90�0:�� !������" STAI %;/�#�<��$��=%&�

HAT 1;>'?��*�@�%;/�( ��2�.�A<�B%�)C(*DDE�+8 �(F/�� �GH�,I) STAI "--� Menzies & Par-

ker (2001) �#��.� 2�%/��.�J3�KLA<�0M$�����=KL��12�����"3��-�� 2�.�� NB4�5OJ*6P%7/�8I�+��Q 9:���/;�RS��<�=T>%&��U(��VW ���2�X?@3�ABCYZ�%[\�]^":��

�D_DE�� SCR FGH%`a�+8 �(F/�� SCR IbJ6KL� H `�)C%2F/�� c� D_DE��`�X?defgh-�+8 �(F/�� H `��i]jM%kN�� SCRIbOP�KL�l ��� �� GH� 2�'�KL2-m��2<%QT�����"3n��+���� opJqr%/��.�KLA-"/;���R�st%;�u S!@3<��.�/;de%/��+ SCR �8S���� (O»hman & Soares,

1994) .�de�T.�de vwxyJz{U|} %/��IbALa�V0-�� (Globisch, Hamm, Es-

teves, & O»hman, 1999) �W~<��-�� X��( ��GH� *� st�,Y 2�'�KL�A-m� .�/;5O>W%�Q�����"3��-��Xst�#"c�8�� 2�Z��%/��.�

� 0M$�����=KL%kN����()[a4�5Oc��*6P%;/�RS<��T>����VW ��� .�A<� \�F 2<J[a5O%�W [!���+5%;/�PG<��� < % HAT (]� 2�.�'?��1;>2�X?%/��ABCYZ��B%*DDE�+8 ����F HAT ��^T>"#���_L����������W;��2�.�`8��":�����st�� ab

P[!Jc[���`��.�d`de�DE (Poulton, Menzies, Langley, & Silva, 1998) J�a

vfg�hi�Vj��k��l�Xm 2002; O»hman

& Mineka, 2001} �n�:�<��-�� *� oH"pcW ZNB%;/�RS<��T>Y&�`8��"8��q% HAT �)-(����(������

� � � �

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic

and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edi-

tion), text revision; DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association. v2��r�Vst�uvw�vx} (2002). DSM-IV-TRyz{�|}�~������ ����}�� � (2000). ABy��o�� Ibde�¡o¢ �c£ ���st 71, 1�8.

Cohen, D. C. (1977). Comparisons of self-report andovert-behavioral procedures for assessing acropho-bia. Behavior Therapy, 8, 17�23.

Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Bruynzeel, M., Drost, L., & vander Mast, C. A. P. G. (2001). Virtual Reality Treat-ment in Acrophobia: A Comparison with Exposurein Vivo. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, 335�339.

Globisch, J., Hamm, A, O., Esteves, F., & O»hman, A.(1999). Fear appears fast: Temporal course of star-tle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects.Psychophysiology, 36, 66�75.�¤¥� (2005). 2�'�KL_L���%,-�:��2�X?@3�ABCYZ�"������go 14�15�16�L¦�st���stoHW~�§NB�>�Y&�`8%D���¨=st��st���stoH�¨�l�© vst��ª�«�r} 41�51.��¬�����­��® � (2005). 2�'�KL_Lho�l go 14�15�16�L¦�st���stoHW~� §NB�>�Y&�`8%D���¨=st��st���stoH�¨�l�©vst��ª � «�r} 17�39.

Menzies, R. G., & Parker, L. (2001). The origins ofheight fear: An evaluation of neoconditioning ex-planations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39,185�199.fg¯��hi���Vj����k °��l±²

³�Xm�8 (2002). 2�.�� �=.�F´�¡µ¶·p¸��¢¹���=p¸�� £X���º¤ 66 '`�¥�¦ 857.

North, M. M., North, S. M., & Coble, J. R. (1997).Virtual reality therapy: An e#ective treatment forpsychological disorders. In G. Riva (Ed.), Virtual

reality in neuro-psycho-physiology. Amsterdam,Netherlands: Ios Press, pp. 59�70.

O»hman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, andpreparedness: Toward an evolved module of fearand fear conditioning. Psychological Review, 108,483�522.

»§���st ¤ 29 ¼ ¤ 2 ½116

O»hman, A., & Soares, J. J. (1994). “Unconscious anxi-ety”: Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal

of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 231�240.Poulton, R., Menzies, R. G., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A.

(1998). Evidence for a non-associative model of theacquisition of a fear of heights. Behaviour Research

and Therapy, 36, 537�544.������� (1981). STATE-TRAIT ANXI-

ETY INVENTORY�� �� ������ ����������� 29, 62�67.

Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State trait anxiety inventory.

CA, USA: MindGarden.� !" (2005). #$%&'() *� 14�15�16+

,-���./0���1234 5#$%&'�67(8�9:;<=>?���@A��(BC����1D>�EF�G ���HIJK � !"�� 9�15.� !"�LM N�OPQR�STUV�OP�W�XYZ[\]^_! (2004). `abcd9efghijk<&'�l%�`amnopq,r�stuv� wx���yz 53m�y8I{|}� 19.

Wolpe, J., & Lang, P. J. (1964). A fear survey schedulefor use in behavior therapy. Behavior Researchand Therapy, 2, 27�30.

�20108.8~�� 2010.9.11~��

ST�LM��K `amnopq, (HAT)���%9�sg�uv 117