Happy Friday! Pl

Please complete the pie chart in your notes (second page) by referring to this diagram.

Happy Tuesday!

Reminders!Reminders!

►Ch. 2 vocabulary due Friday – 22 Ch. 2 vocabulary due Friday – 22 words on page 60 or go through the words on page 60 or go through the chapter and define the highlighted chapter and define the highlighted words (same 22 words) .words (same 22 words) .

►Midterms will go out Thursday and Midterms will go out Thursday and need to be signed and returned!!need to be signed and returned!!

►EXTRA CREDIT if you have any EXTRA CREDIT if you have any minerals from home to share with minerals from home to share with the class!!the class!!

1. A mineral occurs naturally.1. A mineral occurs naturally.

2. A mineral is solid.2. A mineral is solid.

3. A mineral has a definite 3. A mineral has a definite chemical composition.chemical composition.

4. A mineral’s atoms are 4. A mineral’s atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.arranged in an orderly pattern.

5. A mineral is inorganic (was 5. A mineral is inorganic (was never alive)never alive)

Of the almost 4000 known minerals, Of the almost 4000 known minerals, only about 30 are very common.only about 30 are very common.

The most common are quartz, The most common are quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite.feldspar, mica, and calcite.

The silicatesThe silicates make up most of make up most of the rocks found in the Earth’s the rocks found in the Earth’s

crust.crust.

Minerals Minerals

Rock-forming Rock-forming silicatessilicates •Most common mineral Most common mineral group group

•Contain the Contain the silicon-silicon-oxygen tetrahedronoxygen tetrahedron

The silicate (SiOThe silicate (SiO44))-4-4 moleculemolecule

Minerals – building silicatesMinerals – building silicates

►https://www.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning/module09swf.swf

Video: MineralsVideo: Minerals

Happy Wednesday!Happy Wednesday!

►Please complete the Element Review in Please complete the Element Review in your notes packet (front of page 3).your notes packet (front of page 3).

►Ch. 2 Vocabulary (22 words on pg. 60) due Ch. 2 Vocabulary (22 words on pg. 60) due Friday!Friday!

►New Midterms go out Thursday and must New Midterms go out Thursday and must be signed and returned by Tuesday for a be signed and returned by Tuesday for a grade! grade!

►Check your mini-midterm today to make Check your mini-midterm today to make sure you have turned/completed in sure you have turned/completed in everything.everything.

Feldspar Mica

Quartz

Olivine

Some Silicate Minerals Some Silicate Minerals

Chip Clark

Pyroxene

Mica

FELDSPARFELDSPAR

Chip Clark

FELDSPARFELDSPAR

FELDSPARFELDSPAR

Mica

QUARTZQUARTZ

Chip Clark

Mica

MICAMICA

Chip Clark

Minerals Minerals • Nonsilicate minerals Nonsilicate minerals

•CarbonatesCarbonates•Native ElementsNative Elements•SulfatesSulfates•HalidesHalides•OxidesOxides•SulfidesSulfides

A Carbonate Mineral A Carbonate Mineral

CaCO3

Also Dolomite is a carbonate Also Dolomite is a carbonate mineral CaMg(COmineral CaMg(CO33))22

Native Element Native Element (Sulfur) – non metal(Sulfur) – non metal

Native Element Native Element (Copper) - metal(Copper) - metal

Graphite (C) Used in PencilsGraphite (C) Used in Pencils

A Sulfate MineralA Sulfate Mineral

Very soft mineral – Used in Dry Wall

A Halide Mineral - A Halide Mineral - Halite (Table Salt)Halite (Table Salt)

A Halide Mineral A Halide Mineral (Fluorite)(Fluorite)

An Oxide Mineral An Oxide Mineral (Magnetite – lodestone (Magnetite – lodestone

– iron ore)– iron ore)

An Oxide Mineral An Oxide Mineral (Hematite – iron ore)(Hematite – iron ore)

A Sulfide Mineral A Sulfide Mineral (Pyrite – fool’s gold)(Pyrite – fool’s gold)

A Sulfide Mineral A Sulfide Mineral (Galena – lead ore)(Galena – lead ore)

Happy Thursday!Happy Thursday!

►Please complete the Please complete the ►Ch. 2 Vocabulary pg. 60 (22 words) Ch. 2 Vocabulary pg. 60 (22 words)

due Friday!due Friday!►Midterms go out today to be signed Midterms go out today to be signed

and returned for a Homework Grade!and returned for a Homework Grade!

To be able to identify these and To be able to identify these and other minerals, we need to look other minerals, we need to look

at the at the properties properties used to used to separate and distinguish these separate and distinguish these

minerals.minerals.

Remember!...Remember!...

Rarely is a mineral identified Rarely is a mineral identified by a single property.by a single property.

These properties need to be These properties need to be considered together to considered together to

correctly identify a mineral.correctly identify a mineral.

Color is the most easily Color is the most easily observed mineral property observed mineral property

and the and the leastleast useful useful because many minerals because many minerals have similar colors, and have similar colors, and some minerals come in some minerals come in

many colors. many colors.

Some minerals are only one Some minerals are only one color such as cinnabar, color such as cinnabar,

which is always red, and which is always red, and malachite, which is green.malachite, which is green.

However, many minerals However, many minerals have a similar color.have a similar color.

Many minerals can turn Many minerals can turn colors due to impurities, or colors due to impurities, or they can change colors in they can change colors in

various circumstances.various circumstances.

For example, pure quartz is For example, pure quartz is colorless or white, colorless or white,

impurities can make the impurities can make the mineral rose, purple or pink!mineral rose, purple or pink!

Turn to the Mineral Turn to the Mineral Identification Chart in your Identification Chart in your

notes. List A, B and C under notes. List A, B and C under sample number. sample number.

Then, look at your minerals Then, look at your minerals and record the color for and record the color for

minerals A, B, and C on the minerals A, B, and C on the chart in your notes.chart in your notes.

Luster refers to the way a Luster refers to the way a mineral shines in reflected mineral shines in reflected

light.light.

Minerals can have a Minerals can have a metallic metallic lusterluster, or a , or a nonmetallic nonmetallic

lusterluster..

There are several terms used There are several terms used to describe nonmetallic to describe nonmetallic

luster. Examples could be luster. Examples could be vitreous or glassyvitreous or glassy, like the , like the

quartz on the left, or quartz on the left, or pearlypearly, , like the gypsum on the like the gypsum on the

right.right.

Other terms that might be Other terms that might be used include used include greasy, dull, and greasy, dull, and

earthy or waxyearthy or waxy..Can you tell which of these has an Can you tell which of these has an

earthy luster and which has a earthy luster and which has a vitreous luster?vitreous luster?

VitreousEarthy

What is the Luster?Metallic Nonmetallic

Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and record the luster for minerals record the luster for minerals

A, B, and CA, B, and C

StreakStreak of a mineral is the of a mineral is the color of its powder when color of its powder when rubbed on an unglazed rubbed on an unglazed

white tile.white tile.

Color of Streak

The streak is often not the same The streak is often not the same color as the mineral. color as the mineral.

A minerals color may vary, but A minerals color may vary, but the streak rarely will!the streak rarely will!

Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and use the streak plate to record use the streak plate to record the streak for minerals A, B, the streak for minerals A, B,

and Cand C

The The cleavage cleavage of a mineral is its of a mineral is its tendency to split easily or to tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces.separate along flat surfaces.

Cleavage

Cleavage

MicaMica is probably the best is probably the best example as it splits into thin example as it splits into thin sheets. It is said to have one sheets. It is said to have one

perfect cleavage.perfect cleavage.

FeldsparFeldspar splits readily in two splits readily in two directions, always at or near directions, always at or near

right angles.right angles.

CalciteCalcite and and galenagalena cleave in three cleave in three directions.directions.

They are said to have three good They are said to have three good cleavages.cleavages.

Three examples of Three examples of perfect cleavage – perfect cleavage –

fluorite, halite, fluorite, halite, and calciteand calcite

Not all minerals show cleavage.Not all minerals show cleavage.

Those that don’t break along cleavage Those that don’t break along cleavage surfaces are said to have surfaces are said to have fracturefracture..

Quartz has Quartz has Conchoidal Conchoidal fracturefracture

Look at your minerals and Look at your minerals and record cleavage or fracture record cleavage or fracture

for minerals A, B, and Cfor minerals A, B, and C

Happy Friday!Happy Friday!

►Please take out vocabulary for me Please take out vocabulary for me to check.to check.

►MIDTERMS today are to be signed MIDTERMS today are to be signed and returned by Tuesday! This is and returned by Tuesday! This is a homework grade!a homework grade!

The The hardnesshardness of a mineral is its of a mineral is its resistance to being scratched.resistance to being scratched.

Diamond (left) is the hardest of all Diamond (left) is the hardest of all minerals, and talc (right) is the minerals, and talc (right) is the

softest.softest.

Friedrich Friedrich MohsMohs devised a devised a hardness scale. hardness scale.

In this scale, ten well-known In this scale, ten well-known minerals are given numbers minerals are given numbers

from one to ten.from one to ten.Lets take a look at the ten Lets take a look at the ten

minerals used and some of the minerals used and some of the simple tests.simple tests.

Mohs Hardness Scale

1 2

45

3

109

876

Talc Talc (left) is the softest and has a (left) is the softest and has a hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead

will scratch talc.will scratch talc.GypsumGypsum is a bit harder and has a is a bit harder and has a

hardness of 2. A fingernail hardness of 2. A fingernail scratches gypsum.scratches gypsum.

CalciteCalcite (left) has a hardness of 3 and (left) has a hardness of 3 and a copper penny just scratches it.a copper penny just scratches it.

Fluorite (right)Fluorite (right) has a hardness of 4 has a hardness of 4 and it can be scratched by an iron and it can be scratched by an iron

or brass nail.or brass nail.

ApatiteApatite (left) has a hardness of 5 and can (left) has a hardness of 5 and can be scratched by a steel knife blade.be scratched by a steel knife blade.

Orthoclase FeldsparOrthoclase Feldspar (right) has a hardness (right) has a hardness of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.

QuartzQuartz (left), with a hardness of 7, (left), with a hardness of 7, is the hardest of the common is the hardest of the common

minerals. It easily scratches hard minerals. It easily scratches hard glass and steel.glass and steel.

TopazTopaz has a hardness of 8 and will has a hardness of 8 and will scratch quartz.scratch quartz.

CorundumCorundum (left) has a hardness of 9. (left) has a hardness of 9. Corundum will scratch topaz.Corundum will scratch topaz.

DiamondDiamond with its hardness of 10 can with its hardness of 10 can easily scratch the rest of the easily scratch the rest of the

minerals. minerals.

Look at Mohs Hardness Scale Look at Mohs Hardness Scale on the next page…on the next page…

IF you CAN scratch the IF you CAN scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral with the tool, the

mineral is SOFTER (LOWER mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the tool.number) than the tool.

If you CAN scratch the tool If you CAN scratch the tool with the mineral, the mineral with the mineral, the mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) is HARDER (HIGHER number)

than the object.than the object.

IF you canNOT scratch the IF you canNOT scratch the mineral with the tool, the mineral with the tool, the

mineral is HARDER (HIGHER mineral is HARDER (HIGHER number) than the tool.number) than the tool.

If you canNOT scratch the If you canNOT scratch the tool with the mineral, the tool with the mineral, the

mineral is SOFTER (LOWER mineral is SOFTER (LOWER number) than the object.number) than the object.

Use the tools and Use the tools and record the hardness record the hardness (a number from 1-(a number from 1-

10) for minerals A, B, 10) for minerals A, B, and Cand C

Identify your three minerals!!Identify your three minerals!!

►Page 54-55 in textPage 54-55 in text

Happy Monday!Happy Monday!►Remember: Midterms and Remember: Midterms and

CH. 2 Vocabulary are due CH. 2 Vocabulary are due tomorrow!!!!tomorrow!!!!

Crystal shapeCrystal shape can be a useful can be a useful property to identify minerals if property to identify minerals if the minerals have had the time the minerals have had the time

and space to form crystals. and space to form crystals. Most mineral grains that are Most mineral grains that are

found in rocks, lack the room to found in rocks, lack the room to grow.grow.

Crystal form

Quartz

Isometric(cubic)

Tetragonal

Orthorhombic

Hexagonal

TrigonalMonoclinic

Specific gravitySpecific gravity tells you how tells you how many times as dense as water many times as dense as water

the mineral is.the mineral is.

Pure gold can have a specific Pure gold can have a specific gravity as high as 19.3!gravity as high as 19.3!

CalciteCalcite is calcium carbonate, is calcium carbonate, CaCOCaCO33. If a drop of weak . If a drop of weak

hydrochloric acid is placed on hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, the acid bubbles as calcite, the acid bubbles as carbon dioxide is released.carbon dioxide is released.

Malleable

Magnetic

Radioactive

Flourescence Taste

Minerals that can be hammered Minerals that can be hammered thin or shaped are said to show thin or shaped are said to show

these properties.these properties.

Can you think of a mineral that Can you think of a mineral that might be shaped or hammered?might be shaped or hammered?

GoldGold and and CopperCopper would be a would be a perfect examples!perfect examples!

These are both native elements

Some minerals Some minerals that contain that contain

Iron, are Iron, are magnetic and magnetic and can be picked can be picked

up by a magnet. up by a magnet. EX: Magnetite EX: Magnetite

This is the state of This is the state of glowing while under glowing while under an ultraviolet light.an ultraviolet light.

Some minerals even Some minerals even glow once the light glow once the light

is turned off! is turned off! Called Called PhosphorescencePhosphorescence

►Fluorescent Minerals

Some minerals, Some minerals, such as this such as this

uraniniteuraninite, are , are radioactive.radioactive.

They give off They give off subatomic subatomic

particles that will particles that will activate a activate a Geiger Geiger

countercounter..

HaliteHalite (rock salt) (rock salt) can be can be

identified by its identified by its taste.taste.

This practice is This practice is not not

recommended!recommended!

Specific Gravity Lab/crystalsSpecific Gravity Lab/crystals

Crystal System LabCrystal System Lab

►Look at the paper models on your Look at the paper models on your desk. Order them 1-7. Use desk. Order them 1-7. Use observation and measurement observation and measurement with rulers to write down the with rulers to write down the attributes of each of the crystal attributes of each of the crystal systems.systems.

Crystal Cave

Happy Tuesday!!Happy Tuesday!!

►Please turn in your SIGNED Please turn in your SIGNED midtermsmidterms..

►Then complete the Mineral Then complete the Mineral Tests Matching in your notes Tests Matching in your notes packet.packet.

Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable vs. Non-RenewableRenewable

►Renewable energy – Renewable energy – sources that are replaced sources that are replaced as fast as they are as fast as they are consumed. consumed.

►Ex: wind, geothermal, Ex: wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and hydroelectric, solar and Ocean Ocean

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable vs. Non-RenewableRenewable

►Nonrenewable energy – sources Nonrenewable energy – sources that are replaced much more that are replaced much more slowly by natural processes slowly by natural processes than they are consumed. Ex: than they are consumed. Ex: Minerals and all Minerals and all fossil fuelsfossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and (petroleum, natural gas, and coal). Fossil fuels come from the coal). Fossil fuels come from the remains of ancient organisms.remains of ancient organisms.

Precious Metals Precious Metals &Gemstones&Gemstones

►Ex: 1. SilverEx: 1. Silver highest electrical highest electrical conductivity conductivity

SilverSilver

►highest electrical and thermal highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal conductivity of any metal

2. Diamonds2. Diamonds

Hardest mineral knownHardest mineral known

DiamondsDiamonds

Hardest mineral knownHardest mineral known

3. Sapphires, Rubies & 3. Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds

►Second hardest Second hardest mineralmineral

Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds

►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest

mineralmineral

Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds

►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest

mineralmineral

Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds

►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest

mineralmineral

Sapphires, Rubies & Sapphires, Rubies & EmeraldsEmeralds

►Corundum groupCorundum groupSecond hardest Second hardest

mineralmineral

OresOres

►Ex: 1. Magnetite and Ex: 1. Magnetite and HematiteHematite Iron OreIron Ore

OresOres

►Ex: 2. MalachiteEx: 2. Malachite CopperCopper

OreOre

OresOres

►Ex: 3. CinnabarEx: 3. Cinnabar Mercury OreMercury Ore

►Ex: 4. BauxiteEx: 4. Bauxite►Aluminum OreAluminum Ore

The Bingham copper The Bingham copper mine in Utahmine in Utah

Salts & Other mineralsSalts & Other minerals

►Ex: 1. Halite and GypsumEx: 1. Halite and Gypsum – – EvaporitesEvaporites Formed from the evaporation Formed from the evaporation of waterof water

Salt Dome Salt Dome

FormationFormation

Source: www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/files/OGL98124.gif

Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of Astronaut photo of the southwestern edge of the the Zagros Mountains featuring featuring salt domes

(the white section in the middle and the bump (the white section in the middle and the bump on the left).on the left).

Source http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17245

Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay Bay

(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )

Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Salt Ponds, South San Francisco Bay Bay

(Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center )

Death Death Valley,Valley,

CaliforniaCalifornia► Once a deepOnce a deep

Pleistocene LakePleistocene Lake(100 miles long(100 miles long600 feet deep)600 feet deep)

► Change in Change in climate at endclimate at endof ice age cause of ice age cause evaporation and evaporation and precipitation of precipitation of saltssalts

Wieliczka Salt Mine, PolandWieliczka Salt Mine, Poland

Great cathedral, a large chamber carved entirely within salt, including floor,

walls, ceiling, and decorations. Chandeliers are made with salt crystals.

Closeup view of the cathedral's altar.Photo date 9/97; © by J.S. Aber http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec14/wielicz.htm

St. Anthony’s Chapel, built between 1690-1710 St. John Chapel built ~1859

Wieliczka Salt MineWieliczka Salt Mine

Virtual Tour

An underground halite An underground halite (salt) mine(salt) mine

Salts and Other mineralsSalts and Other minerals

►Ex: 2. Manganese nodulesEx: 2. Manganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins

Other mineralsOther minerals

►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown

Other mineralsOther minerals

►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown

Other mineralsOther minerals

►Manganese nodulesManganese nodules Formed in deep ocean basinsFormed in deep ocean basins Origin unknownOrigin unknown

Rock, Sand and GravelRock, Sand and Gravel

►EX: Limestone (Valley and Ridge EX: Limestone (Valley and Ridge province) and sand and gravel province) and sand and gravel (Coastal Plain) in Virginia for (Coastal Plain) in Virginia for constructionconstruction

Minerals videoMinerals video

Happy Wednesday!Happy Wednesday!►Chapter 2 Test tomorrow!Chapter 2 Test tomorrow!►Extra credit opportunity:Extra credit opportunity:

Mohs scale puzzle in notes Mohs scale puzzle in notes (complete before you turn in (complete before you turn in your notes tomorrow!!)your notes tomorrow!!)

►Be sure to bring your book Be sure to bring your book tomorrow (for Ch. 3 Vocabulary).tomorrow (for Ch. 3 Vocabulary).

►Clicker ReviewClicker Review