Part 3: The GroupPart 3: The Group

Foundations of Group Behavior

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Presented by: Dindo R. MacatiagProf: Jo B. Bitonio

o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r

o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r

13th Edition13th Edition

Stephen P. RobbinsTimothy A. Judge

Defining and Classifying GroupsDefining and Classifying Groups

Group(s)

Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.

Formal Group

A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure.

Informal Group

A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact.

Defining and Classifying Groups Defining and Classifying Groups

Command Group

A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.

Task Group

Those working together to complete a job or task.

Interest Group

Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.

Friendship Group

Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.

Why People Join GroupsWhy People Join Groups

• Security

• Status

• Self-esteem

• Affiliation

• Power

• Goal Achievement

Why People Join GroupsWhy People Join Groups

Security – people feel stronger, have fewer self-doubt and are more resistant to threat when they are part of a groupStatus - inclusion in a group that is viewed as important by

others provides recognition and status for its membersSelf-esteem – provides people with feelings of self-worthAffiliation – fulfill social needs through interaction with group membersPower – achievement through group action, there is power in numbersGoal achievement – it takes more than one person to accomplish a particular task, there is a need to pool talents, knowledge or power to complete a job

The Five-Stage Model of Group DevelopmentThe Five-Stage Model of Group Development

Forming StageThe first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.

Storming StageThe second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.

Norming StageThe third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.

…Group Development…Group Development

Performing Stage

The fourth stage in group development, when the group is fully functional.

Adjourning Stage

The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance.

Stages of Group DevelopmentStages of Group Development

Critique of the Five-Stage ModelCritique of the Five-Stage Model

• Assumption: the group becomes more effective as it progresses through the first four stages– Not always true – group behavior is more complex– High levels of conflict may be conducive to high

performance– The process is not always linear– Several stages may occur simultaneously– Groups may regress

• Ignores the organizational context

An Alternative Model: Temporary Groups with Deadlines

An Alternative Model: Temporary Groups with Deadlines

Sequence of actions:1. Setting group direction

2. First phase of inertia

3. Half-way point transition

4. Major changes

5. Second phase of inertia

6. Accelerated activity

Sequence of actions:1. Setting group direction

2. First phase of inertia

3. Half-way point transition

4. Major changes

5. Second phase of inertia

6. Accelerated activity

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

Temporary groups go through transitions between inertia and activity-at the half-way point, they experience an increase in productivity.

The Punctuated-Equilibrium ModelThe Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

Group PropertiesGroup Properties

RolesNormsStatusSizeCohesiveness

Group Properties - RolesGroup Properties - Roles

Role(s)

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Role Identity

Certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role.

Role Perception

An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation.

Role Expectations

How others believe a person should act in a given situation.

Role Conflict

A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.

Psychological Contract

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from the employee and vice versa.

Group Properties - RolesGroup Properties - Roles

Zimbardo’s Prison ExperimentZimbardo’s Prison Experiment

Faked a prison using student volunteers Randomly assigned to guard and prisoner roles Within six days the experiment was halted due to

concerns:– Guards had dehumanized the prisoners– Prisoners were subservient– Fell into the roles as they understood them– No real resistance felt

Group Properties - NormsGroup Properties - Norms

Classes of Norms:• Performance norms-level of acceptable work

• Appearance norms-what to wear

• Social arrangement norms-friendships and the like

• Allocation of resources norms-distribution and assignments of jobs and material

Classes of Norms:• Performance norms-level of acceptable work

• Appearance norms-what to wear

• Social arrangement norms-friendships and the like

• Allocation of resources norms-distribution and assignments of jobs and material

Norms

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

The Hawthorne StudiesThe Hawthorne Studies

A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932.

Research Conclusions:

– Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related.

– Group influences (norms) were significant in affecting individual behavior.

– Group standards (norms) were highly effective in establishing individual worker output.

– Money was less a factor in determining worker output than were group standards, sentiments, and security.

Group Properties - NormsGroup Properties - Norms

Conformity

Adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.Reference Groups

Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.

Group Properties – Norms Group Properties – Norms

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Antisocial actions or workplace incivility by organizational members that intentionally violate established norms and result in negative consequences for the organization, its members, or both.

Typology of Deviant Workplace BehaviorTypology of Deviant Workplace Behavior

Category Examples

Production Leaving earlyIntentionally working slowlyWasting resources

Property Sabotage Lying about hours worked Stealing from the organization

Political Showing favoritismGossiping and spreading rumorsBlaming coworkers

Personal Aggression Sexual harassmentVerbal abuseStealing from coworkers

Group Influence on Deviant BehaviorGroup Influence on Deviant Behavior

– Group norms can influence the presence of deviant behavior

– Simply belonging to a group increases the likelihood of deviance

– Being in a group allows individuals to hide – creates a false sense of confidence that they won’t be caught

Group Properties - StatusGroup Properties - Status

Status

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others-it differentiates group members.

-Important factor in understanding behavior-Significant motivator

What Determines Status?

1.The power a person wields over others.

2.A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals.

3.An individual’s personal characteristics.

Status EffectsStatus Effects

On Norms and Conformity– High-status members are less restrained by

norms and pressure to conform– Some level of deviance is allowed to high-

status members so long as it doesn’t affect group goal achievement

On Group Interaction– High-status members are more assertive– Large status differences limit diversity of ideas

and creativity On Equity

– If status is perceived to be inequitable, it will result in various forms of corrective behavior

Group Properties - SizeGroup Properties - Size

Group Size

Performance

Expec

ted

Actual (due to

loafin

g)Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do

better than even.

• Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups.

Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do

better than even.

• Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups.

Social LoafingThe tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.

Group size affects behavior Size:

– Twelve or more members is a “large” group

– Seven or fewer is a “small” group Best use of a group:

Attribute Small Large

Speed X

Individual Performance X

Problem Solving X

Diverse Input X

Fact-Finding Goals X

Overall Performance X

Group Properties - SizeGroup Properties - Size

Managerial Implications

-Build in individual accountability

-Prevent social loafing by:

•Set group goals so that the group has a common purpose to strive toward

•Increase intergroup competition to focus the group on the shared outcome

•Use peer evaluation so that individual contribution is evaluated by each group member

•Distribute group rewards based on individual effort

Group Properties - SizeGroup Properties - Size

Group Properties - CohesivenessGroup Properties - Cohesiveness

Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.

2. Encourage agreement with group goals.

3. Increase time members spend together.

4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.

5. Stimulate competition with other groups.

6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.

7. Physically isolate the group.

Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.

2. Encourage agreement with group goals.

3. Increase time members spend together.

4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.

5. Stimulate competition with other groups.

6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.

7. Physically isolate the group.

Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity

Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity

Group TasksGroup Tasks

Decision-making

– Large groups facilitate the pooling of information about complex tasks.

– Smaller groups are better suited to coordinating and facilitating the implementation of complex tasks.

– Simple, routine standardized tasks reduce the requirement that group processes be effective in order for the group to perform well.

Group Decision MakingGroup Decision Making

Strengths– More complete

information and knowledge

– Increased diversity of views and greater creativity

– Higher quality of decisions (more accuracy)

– Increased acceptance of solutions/decisions

Weaknesses– More time

consuming (slower)

– Increased pressure to conform

– Discussion can be dominated by one or a few members

– A situation of ambiguous responsibility

Byproducts of Group Decision MakingByproducts of Group Decision Making

Groupthink

Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action (unusual, minority or unpopular views).Group shift

A change in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual decision that member within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk.

Symptoms of The Groupthink Phenomenon Symptoms of The Groupthink Phenomenon

Group members rationalize any resistance to the assumptions they have made.

Members apply direct pressures on those who express doubts about shared views or who question the alternative favored by the majority.

Members who have doubts or differing points of view keep silent about misgivings.

There appears to be an illusion of unanimity.

Minimize Groupthink By:

– Reducing the size of the group to 10 or less

– Encouraging group leaders to be impartial

– Appointing a “devil’s advocate”

– Using exercises on diversity

Group Decision-Making TechniquesGroup Decision-Making Techniques

Interacting Groups

Typical groups, in which the members interact with each other face-to-face and rely verbal and non-verbal interaction to communicate with each other.Nominal Group Technique

A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

Group Decision-Making TechniquesGroup Decision-Making Techniques

Electronic Meeting

A meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggregation of votes.

Brainstorming

An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

Evaluating Group EffectivenessEvaluating Group Effectiveness

TYPE OF GROUP

Effectiveness Criteria Interacting Brainstorming Nominal Electronic

Number and quality of ideas Low Moderate High High

Social pressure High Low Moderate Low

Money costs Low Low Low High

Speed Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Task orientation Low High High High

Potential for interpersonal conflict High Low Moderate Low

Commitment to solution High Not applicable Moderate Moderate

Development of High High Moderate Lowgroup cohesiveness

Global ImplicationsGlobal Implications

Status and Culture The importance of status varies with culture Managers must understand who and what holds

status when interacting with people from another culture

Social Loafing Most often in Western (individualistic) cultures,

Asians are collectivist performing better in a group Group Diversity

Increased diversity leads to increased conflict May cause early withdrawal and lowered morale If the initial difficulties are overcome, diverse

groups may perform better Surface diversity may increase openness

Summary and Managerial ImplicationsSummary and Managerial Implications

Performance– Clear role perception, appropriate norms,

low status differences, and smaller, more cohesive groups lead to higher performance

Satisfaction– Increases with:

• High congruence between boss’s and employees’ perceptions about the job

• Not being forced to communicate with lower-status employees

• Smaller group size

References:References:

Organizational Behavior, 13th EditionStephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge

Thank youThank you