Post on 28-Mar-2015
Green Strategies For
Historic Buildings
Jean Carroon FAIA LEEDPrincipal for Preservation
Goody ClancyJean.carroon@goodyclancy.com
1. Green Buildings – Terms and Tools2. Sustainable Development- Tools
Ecosystems – Water and Waste
3. Energy & Buildings 4. Changing Priorities Ahead
– Process– Product (Case Studies)– Resources
Four Master Lectures
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Energy, Buildings and Us
• Problem• Current Solutions – do they work?• Existing Buildings – essential solutions
– Houses– Main Street
• The Bigger Picture
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Green Strategies - Carroon Portland, Maine 4June 4, 2009
CO2 Emissions Comparison
Green Strategies - Carroon Portland, Maine 5June 4, 2009
Source: World Resources Institute (Climate Analysis Indicators Tool; online at http://cait.wri.org/figures.php)
AIABuildings are the major source of
demand for energy and materials that produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth rate of GHG emissions and then reversing it over the next ten years is the key to keeping global warming under one degree centigrade (°C) above today's level. It will require immediate action and a concerted global effort.
"The road to energy independence, economic recovery and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions runs through the Building Sector."-Edward Mazria
June 4, 2009 6Slide by Stephen Tilly
AIA 2030 Challenge
The 2030 Challenge asks the global architecture and building community to adopt the following targets:
• All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.
• At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.
June 4, 2009 7Slide by Stephen Tilly
AIA 2030 Challenge
• The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations shall be increased to:
60% in 201070% in 201580% in 202090% in 2025 Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to operate).
These targets may be accomplished by implementing innovative sustainable design strategies, generating on-site renewable power and/or purchasing (20% maximum) renewable energy and/or certified renewable energy credits.
June 4, 2009 8Slide by Stephen Tilly
Solution - New Buildings – LEED
Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing LEED Platinum – 16 stories 412,000 SF
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Solution - Energy Codes
www.brianbellconstruction.com/custom.htm 4350 SF Energy Efficient HomeA small house built to only moderate energy-performance standards uses substantially less energy for heating and cooling than a large house built to very high energy-performance standards.
Alex Wilson and Jessica Boehland, “Small is Beautiful US House Size, Resource Use and the Environment”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005
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Photos by Rob Powers (www/builtstlouis.net)Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
Prince Hall (1904–2006)
By 2030 , we will have demolished and replaced 82 billion square feet of existing buildings. Brookings Institute
The energy required for this could power the entire state of California, the 10th largest economy in the world with 36 million people, for 10 years.
Rehabilitating even 10 % would save enough energy to power the state of New York for well over 1 year.www.preservationnation.org
Solution – Rebuild America
Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy 11June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon
Moving Houses in Seattle, WA 1906 during regrade
A Better Solution - Reuse BuildingsEnergy required to make a new energy efficient house is the equivalent of 25 years of end-use energy consumption.www.homeenergy.org – 1997
New energy-efficient homes recover the carbon expended in construction only after 35-50 years of energy efficient operations.New Tricks with Old Brickswww.emptyhomes.com
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300 Billion Square Feet of Existing Buildings in the USAoutnumbering new construction 99:1
Source: US Dept of Energy Commercial Building Inventory, 2003
“Energy efficiency options for new and existing buildings could considerably reduce CO2 emisions with net economic benefit .”– IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
300 Billion Square Feet
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Clinton Climate Initiative
Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI)• CCI is taking a macro-level approach to addressing climate
change by working with some of the world’s largest cities – and biggest contributors of greenhouse gases – to reduce their carbon emissions through programs that will also encourage economic development.
• By bringing local governments together with financial and technical experts, CCI is helping to develop and implement large scale projects that result in improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions in urban areas around the world.
June 4, 2009 14Slide by Stephen Tilly
Buildings are responsible for more than half of harmful greenhouse gas emissions in most cities. CCI’s Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit Program brings together banks, energy services companies, cities, and building owners to perform energy efficiency retrofits that guarantee energy and cost-savings.
June 4, 2009 15Slide by Stephen Tilly
CCI• CCI has partnered with Microsoft, ICLEI – Local Governments for
Sustainability, The Center for Neighborhood Technology, and Ascentium to develop Project 2°, a website containing the Emissions Tracker software tool.
• Users input data on emissions producing activities such as fuel and electricity consumption, vehicle numbers, waste production, industrial processes and plane and ship fuel use.
• The software then converts the data into tons of CO2 equivalent, taking into consideration the source and type of energy and fuel used in each area.
• Once cities have a concrete understanding of the amount of greenhouse gas each sector emits, policymakers can then put into place realistic reduction strategies.
June 4, 2009 16Slide by Stephen Tilly
100 Million Households
www.lodging4vacations.com/cape-elizabeth accessed 5/21/2009
The average house is 33 years old. www.nahb.com
57 % of households live in single family detached homes and consume 73 % of all residential energy.
“Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment” – www.pewclimate.org
Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy 17June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon
Current Residential Energy Use The largest opportunities for improving energy efficiency lie in the residential sector. By 2020, the sector’s energy demand could be 30% lower than today’s levels.
McKinsey Global Institute Wasted Energy: How the US Can Reach Its Energy Productivity PotentialJune 2007
www.eia.doe.com 18June 4,2009 Green Strategies - Carroon
Start with an Energy Audit
energystar.gov http://hes.lbl.gov/19Green Strategies - Carroon
Change a Light Bulb
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Rebates& Simple Installation
Install a Programmable Thermostat
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www.chilliwack.com City of Chilliwack, B.C.
Unplug Electronics When Not in UseEven though your TV, DVD player and computer are turned off, they’re still using electricity. In fact, the Department of Energy estimates that 40 percent of all electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are turned off. www.nstar.com
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Thoughtful Actions Save Resources
• Maintain your boilers and steam traps• Use cold water when you wash • Use a clothes rack (or a clothesline) for drying• Keep refrigerator coils clean • Use a lap top – it’s more energy efficient• Wrap your water heater (better yet –go solar)• Make sure the dishwasher is full• Turn of lights when you leave a room• Don’t heat unused rooms
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www.preservationnation.org
• Energy audit• Plant trees • Block air infiltration• Restore porches • Restore awnings• Insulate attic,
basement & crawl space
• Keep doors tight• Use fans, cross
ventilate• Reuse materials
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Cost-Effective Green Retrofits 1. Retrocommissioning2. Lighting improvements3. Mechanical system controls4. Mechanical system equipment5. Sealing holes in the envelope6. Green cleaning7. Water savings
Recession-Proof Green Agenda
Green Strategies - CarroonJune 4, 2009 26
Donald FournierSEDAC Program Manager Chair, Building Research Council
School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Saving Energy on Main Street
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Clients assisted (as of December 31, 2008): Level 1 – 1,318 Level 2 – 342 Level 3 – 157 Level 4 – 164
Completed studies of over 20 million square feet with
over 43,000 employees. An additional 9 million sf underway. Recommended energy savings > $11,800,000. Energy impact of 719,755 million Btu (4,258,234 therms
& 86,147 MWh) and a demand reduction of 19.8 MW.
SEDAC Program Results
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Energy Efficiency Examples
Office Buildings: $2.50 to $3.75 in incremental asset value for $1 invested.
Hospitals: Each $1 saved in energy costs equivalent to generating new revenues of $20.
Supermarkets: 10% reduction in energy use is equivalent to increasing net profit margins by 15%.
Hotels: 10% reduction in energy costs is equivalent to increasing Average Daily Rate by 2.6% and increasing Occupancy Rate by 4.3%.
June 4, 2009 29Green Strategies - Carroon
Providing tools by 2020 to enable the building community to produce market-viable NZEBs by 2030.
NZEB means the building produces as much energy as it uses when measured at the site.
ASHRAE Vision 2020
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Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs – 5 to 7% below 2004.
Standard 90.1-2010 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs: Keeping abreast of technology and increased
efficiency requirements (30 percent reduction from 90.1-2004).
Performance or prescriptive based. Prescriptive paths per weather zone and building
type.
ASHRAE Actions/Initiatives
June 4, 2009 31Green Strategies - Carroon
Advanced Energy Design Guides: 30%, 50%, 75%, then Net Zero Energy Small Buildings (<20,000sf) Office, Retail, K-12 Schools, Warehouses,
Highway Lodging, High-rise Residential, and Existing Buildings.
Schedule: Complete all 30% guides by 2008. Complete all 50% guides by 2011. Complete “net-zero” guidance 2017 (70/30).
Other ASHRAE Actions
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ASHRAE AEDGsDownload free: http://www.ashrae.org/aedg
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Energy Efficiency
The cost of saving energy is going down while the price of energy is going up.
Efficiency is the cleanest, cheapest, safest, and most secure source energy we have.
These savings from energy efficiency to date have not yet come close to tapping the full potential for savings.
Incentives/financing: EPAct 2005/EISA 2008 tax deductions and credits. EEPS rebates will encourage efficiency. Cultivate Illinois – low interest loans. 34
Performance Assessment
Accounting of Energy Use and Costs Comparison with Similar Facilities Goals
Tools: Energy Star Target Finder
(>5ksf) Business Energy Analyzer
www.energyguide.com
June 4, 2009 35Green Strategies - Carroon
Investment HorizonsECRM Typical Payback
Motion Sensors 0.5 yr
Tune Up 1 yr
Programmable T-Stat 1 yr
Lighting 1-5yrs
Sealing 2 yrs
Window Films 3 yrs
Insulation 7 yrs
HVAC replacement 12 yrs
Renewable Energy 20 yrs
Windows 25 yrs36
Recommended ECRMs - Store Upgrade Lighting
Zone Lighting Change to more efficient sources (from
incandescent and old fluorescent to Super T8, CFL, LED, CMH, HIR – display only)
Add Lighting Controls (Occupancy, photo, dimmer, timers)
Improve Operation and Control of HVAC Boiler/Furnace tune-up Programmable Thermostat Radiator valves Zoned HVAC
Upgrade Envelope (sealing, insulate, window treatments)
Upgrade HVAC and Appliances37
Recommended ECRMs-Restaurant
Kitchen Energy Management Reduce Idle
Refrigeration Plastic strip doors High efficiency fan motors Floating heat pressure
Modulated Kitchen Ventilation -- Demand Control
Low Flow Pre-Rinse SprayerJune 4, 2009 38Green Strategies - Carroon
Lighting & Controls
Occupancy Photo Dimming Timers
June 4, 2009 39Green Strategies - Carroon
Improved Operation and Control -HVAC Heater tune-up, Programmable T-stat, Radiator valves, Zoned HVAC Free cooling
June 4, 2009 40Green Strategies - Carroon
Equipment Replacement
Heating, Ventilating, & Air-Conditioning: Sealed combustion high efficiency
boilers and furnaces 92%+. High SEER/EER Air-Conditioning
units, SEER15+, EER11.5+. Geothermal heat pumps. Ventilation heat recovery systems. Demand control ventilation, or
scheduled ventilation.
June 4, 2009 41Green Strategies - Carroon
Upgrade Equipment
Replace inefficient appliances can save a lot of energy with a favorable return on investment.
Replacing refrigerators with ENERGY STAR® rated units can sometimes save over $100 per year.
New washers can save both energy and water—how much depends on patterns of use and the characteristics of the old versus new unit.June 4, 2009 42Green Strategies - Carroon
Setting Priorities
Needs Technically Appropriate Biggest Energy Users Biggest Energy Costs Work from End Use Back to Central Plant Capital for Down Payment Rolling Quick Savings into Long Term
InvestmentsJune 4, 2009 43Green Strategies - Carroon
Upgrade Envelope
Building Envelopes (beyond code): Increased insulation levels. Infiltration air sealing and duct
sealing. Better windows (Double Pane,
Low-E, U-values 0.4 or less).
June 4, 2009 44Green Strategies - Carroon
Replacing Windows?
Conventional wisdom may say yes. Generally, you can find a number of other
energy efficiency measures that are more important and cost effective to deal with first.
Sometimes windows need to be replaced: Repair current windows Add an interior pane Use appropriate storms Interior treatments for efficiency (blinds, shades,
and curtains)June 4, 2009 45Green Strategies - Carroon
Window Treatments
June 4, 2009 46Green Strategies - Carroon
New TechnologiesWindow Treatments
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Barker Center For the HumanitiesHarvard University, Cambridge, MA
Before
After
Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy
Daylight & Density
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Data - Historic Federal Buildings - 1999
The utility costs for historic federal buildings were 27% less than non-historic.
Overall, the operating costs per rentable square foot for historic buildings were 10 percent less than non-historic buildings. The cleaning costs were 9 percent less. The maintenance costs were 10 percent less.
Financing Historic Federal Buildings;An Analysis of Current PracticeGSA Draft Report May 1999
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Learning from the PastMinimum Energy Performance:
Building constructedwith high ceilings
operable windows & awnings
Awnings deteriorate & are
removed
Building heats up in warm months
A/C Installed withlowered ceilings & new fixed windows
Poor lighting & ventilation due to
lowered ceilings and lost transoms.
Additional lighting adds heat to the building -stressing A/C system
POOR energy performer
Slide by: Elaine Gallagher Adams, AIA, LEED Rocky Mountain Institute 50
Limited Use License from www.cartoonstock.com NOT FOR REPRODUCTION OR REUSE
Resources• www.dsireusa.org• www.preserveamerica.org • www.buildinggreen.com• www.energystar.gov
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