Post on 03-Jun-2018
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Ms. Janice Magbujos-Florida
Instructor
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Albert Einstein
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Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955): In the year 1905,
Einstein elaborated on the experimental results of
Max Planck who noticed that electromagnetic
energy seemed to be emitted from radiatingobjects in quantities that were discrete. The energy
of these emitted quantities- the so-called l ight -
quanta-was directly proportional to the frequencyof the radiation which was completely contrary to
classical electromagnetic theory, based on
Maxwell's equations and the laws of
thermodynamics. Einstein used Planck's quantumhypothesis to describe visible electromagnetic
radiation, or light. According to Einstein's
viewpoint, light could be imagined to consist ofdiscrete bundles of radiation.
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Andr Marie
Ampre
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Andr Marie Ampre (1775-1836) in France gave a
formalized understand ing of
the relat ionships between
electr ic i ty and magnet ism
using algebra. The unit forcurrent is named after him.
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Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin (1746-52 ) flew kites to
demonstrate that lightning is a form of static electricity
(ESD). He would run a wire to the kite and produce
sparks at the ground, or charge a Leyden jar. This ledFranklin to invent the l ightn ing rod. Franklin also
made several electrostatic generators with rotating
glass balls to experiment with. These experiments led
him to formulate the single fluid (imponderable fluid)theory of electricity. Previous theories had held there
were two electrical fluids and two magnetic fluids.
Franklin theorized just one imponderable electrical
fluid (a fluid under conservation) in the universe. Thedifference in electrical charges was explained by an
excess ( + ) or defect ( - ) of the single electrical fluid.
This is where the positive ( + ) and negative ( - )
symbols come from in electrical science.
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Franklin Electrostatic
Generator
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K l F i d i h
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Karl Friedrich
Gauss
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Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) Gauss is known as
one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. At very
early age he overturned the theories and methods of
18th-century mathematics. Beginning in 1830, Gaussworked closely with Weber. They organized a
worldwide system of stat ions for systemat ic
observat ion s o f terrestr ial magnetism. The most
important result of their work in electromagnetism was
the development, by others, of telegraphy. Weber, a
German physicist, also established a system of
absolute electrical units. His work on the ratiobetween the electrodynamics and electrostatic units
was crucial to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of
light. The CGS unit of magnetic field density in named
after Gauss
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Charles Proteus
Steinmetz
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Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865 - 1923)
discovered the mathemat ics of hysteresis
loss, thus enabling engineers of the time to
reduce magnetic loss in transformers. He
also applied the mathematics of complex
numbers to AC analysis and thus putengineering design of electrical systems on
a scientific basis instead of a black art. Along
with Nikola Tesla, he is responsible forwresting the generation of power away from
Edison's inefficient DC system to the more
elegant AC system.
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Charles Augustus
Coulomb
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Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-1806)
invented the torsion balance in 1785. The
tors ion balanceis a simple device- a horizontal
cross-bar is mounted on a stretched wire. A ball
is then mounted on each end of the cross bar.
Given a positive or negative charge, those balls
will then attract or repel other objects that carrycharges. The balls responding to these charges
will try to twist the wire holding the cross bar. The
wire resists twisting, and how much twisting
occurs tells you how much force the attraction (orrepulsion) exerted. Coulomb showed electrical
attraction and repulsion follow an inverse square
law. The unit of charge is named after him.
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Count Alessandro Volta
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In is 1800 Count Alessandro Volta (1745-
1827) announced the results of his
experiments investigation Galvani's claims
about the source of electricity in the frog legexperiment. He undertook to prove that he
could produce electricity without the frog. He
took the same bimetallic arcs (many of them)and dipped them in glasses of brine. This was
Volta's Couronne des Tasses- his f irst
battery. The voltaic pile was an improvedconfiguration for a battery. With it he showed
that the bimetallic arcs were the source of
electricity. The unit of voltage is named after
him.
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Luigi Galvani
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Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) investigated
electricity as the source of life in 1791.
Galvani believed that living tissues containedelectricity and did a number of experiments:
connecting pieces of metal (zinc, copper, iron,
tin, etc.) to a piece of wire- zinc and copper
worked really well -to create what's called a
bimetal l ic arc. He held one end of this
bimetallic arc in his mouth and touched the
other end to the wet area in the corner of hiseye and sees a brilliant flash of light. His most
famous experiment was to arc and spark a
dead frogs leg, and make it jump.
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Galvani's Frog Legs
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George Simon Ohm
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1826 George Simon Ohm (1787-
1854) wanted to measure the
motive force of electrical currents .He found that some conductors
worked better than others and
quantified the differences. He
waited quite some time to
announce " Ohm 's Law" becausehis theory was not accepted by his
peers. The unit for resistance is
named after him.
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Guglielmo Marconi (1874 - 1937) Known
as the "father o f wireless", was an Italian
national who expanded on theexperiments that Hertz did, and believed
that telegraphic messages could be
transmitted without wires. 1897, Marconiformed his w ireless telegraph company,
and in December 1901 he did the first
trans Atlantic radio transmission in Morsecode. When Marconi died all the radio
transmitters in the world were silent for
two minutes.
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887)
was a German physicist. He
announced the laws which allow
calculation of the currents, voltages,
and resistance of electrical networks,also known as KirchhoffsLaw in
1845 when he was only 21. In further
studies he demonstrated that currentflows through a conductor at the
speed of light.
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Hans Christian Oersted
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In the year 1820 Hans Christian
Oersted (1777-1851) in Denmarkdemonstrated a relat ionship
between electr ic i ty and
magnet ism by showing that an
electrical wire carrying a current will
deflect a magnetic needle. The CGSunit for magnetic field strength is
named after him.
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Heinrich F.E. Lenz
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1832 Heinrich F.E. Lenz (1804-1865),
born in the old university city of Tartu,
Estonia (then in Russia), was a professorat the University of St. Petersburg who
carried out many experiments following
the lead of Faraday. He is memorializedby the law which bears his name - the
electrodynamic action of an induced
current equally opposes the mechanicalinducing action- which was later
recognized to be an exp ress ion of the
conservation of energy.
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Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
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Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857 -
1894) was the first person to
demonstrate the existence of
rad io waves. His inspiration came
from Helmholtz and Maxwell.Hertz demonstrated in 1887 that
the velocity of radio waves (also
called Hertzian waves) was equalto that of light. The unit of
frequency is named after him.
Hermann Lud wig Ferdinand
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Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand
von
Hermann L d ig Ferdinand on
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Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von
Helmholtz (1821 - 1894) was an all
around universal scientist andresearcher. He was one of the 19th
centuries greatest scientists. In
1870, after analyzing all theprevalent theor ies of
electrodynamics, he lent hissupport to Maxwell's theory which
was little known on the European
continent.
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Jack St. Clair Kilby
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Jack St. Clair Kilby developed
the in teg rated c ircu i twhile at
Texas instruments. While
conducting research into
miniaturization he built the firsttrue integrated circuit, a
phase-shift oscillator withindividually wired parts. Kilby
received a patent in 1959.
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James Clerk Maxwell
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M ll l l l t d th t th d f
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Maxwell also calculated that the speed of
propagation of an electromagnetic field is
approximately that of the speed of light. He
proposed that the phenomenon of light is thereforean electromagnetic phenomenon. Because charges
can oscillate with any frequency, Maxwell concluded
that visible light forms only a small part of the entire
spectrum of possible electromagnetic radiation. Ananecdotal story about Maxwell recalls that he and a
friend were at an inn, and Maxwell cleared the table
saying "That's it", and promptly started to write
calculus on the table cloth. He later took the cloth
home, but I have no idea how he remunerated the
innkeeper. The CGS unit of magnetic flux is named
after him.
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John Ambrose Fleming
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Sir John Ambrose Fleming
(1849 - 1945) made the f i rst
d iode tube, the Flem ing valve
in the year 1905. The devicehad three leads, two for the
heater/cathode and the other
for the plate.
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Sir Joseph John Thomson
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Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856 - 1940) is
universally recognized as the British scientist
who discovered and identified the electron inthe year 1897. Thomson demonstrated that
cathode rays were actually units of electrical
current made up of negatively charged
particles of subatomic size. He believed
them to be an integral part of all matter and
theorized the "p lum pudd ing" model of
atomic structure in which a quantity ofnegatively charged electrons was embedded
in a sphere of positive electricity, the two
charges neutralizing each other.
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Joseph Wilson Swan
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Joseph Wilson Swan (1828 -
1914) Joseph Swandemonstrated his electr ic
lamp in Britain in February
1879. The filament used
carbon and had a partial
vacuum and precededEdison's demonstration by six
months.
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Joseph Henry
Joseph Henry (1799 1878) was a professor in a
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Joseph Henry (1799-1878) was a professor in a
small school in Albany, New York. He worked to
improve electromagnets and was the first to
super impose coi ls of wire wrapped on an ironcore. It is said that he insulated the wire for one of
his magnets using a silk dress belonging to his
wife. In 1830 he observed electromagnetic
induction, a year before Faraday. He was roundlycriticized for not publishing his discovery, losing the
distinction for American science. Henry did obtain
priority for the discovery of self induction, however.
He received an appointment at New Jersey
College (later Princeton University) and in 1846
became the first director of the Smithsonian
Institution. The unit of induction is named after him.
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Lee De Forest
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Lee De Forest (1873 - 1961) added a
grid electrode to Flemings' valve and
created the triode tube, later improvedand called the Audion. This increased
the distance that radio could be
received by two orders of magnitude.He was a prolific inventor, and was
granted more than 300 patents in the
fields of wireless telegraphy, radio, wiretelephone, sound-on-film, picture
transmission, and television.
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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (1791 1867) 1820s Faraday
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Michael Faraday (1791-1867). 1820s Faraday
postulated that an electrical current moving through
a wire creates "fields of force" surrounding the wire.
He believed that as these "fields of force" whenestablished and collapsed could move a magnet.
This led to a number of experiments with electricity
as a motive (moving) force. 1821 Faraday built the
f i rs t electr ic moto r--a device for transforming anelectrical current into rotary motion. 1331 Faraday
made the f i rs t trans former--a device for inducing
an electrical current in a wire not connected to an
electrical source, also known as Faraday's Ring. It
was powered by a voltaic pile and used a manually
operated key to interrupt the current. The unit of
capacitance is named after him.
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Pieter Van Musschenbroek
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C d M h b k i L d
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Cuneus and Muschenbrock, in Leyden
(Netherlands), discovered the Leyden jar in
1745. The first electrical capacitor- a storagemechanism for an electrical charge. The first
ones were a glass jar filled with water-two
wires suspended in the water.
Muschenbrock got such a shock out of the
first jar he experimented with that he nearly
died. Later, the water was replaced with
metal foils wrapped so that there wasinsulation between the layers of foil-the two
wires are attached to the ends of the sheets
of foil.
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Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943) devised the polyphase
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Nikola Tesla (1856 1943) devised the polyphase
alternating-current systems that form the modern
electrical power industry. In 1884, Tesla
emigrated to the United States. He worked brieflyfor Thomas Edison, who as the advocate of direct
current became Tesla's unsuccessful rival in
electricpower development. In 1888, Teslashowed how a magnetic field could be made to
rotate if two coils at right angles were supplied
with alternating currents 90 degrees out of phase
with each other at 60 hertz. GeorgeWestinghouse bought rights to the patents on this
motor and made it the basis for the
Westinghouse power system at Niagara Falls.
Tesla's other inventions included the Tesla co il,
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a kind of transformer, and he did research on
high-voltage electricity and wireless
communication. In 1905, he demonstrated awireless remote control boat, while at the same
time Marconi was still transmitting Morse code.
Despite his many patents and genius, he died
poor. Congress declared Tesla the " father ofradio", (not wireless as Marconi was), because
Marconi's four tuned circuit radio used Tesla's
1897 radio patent describing the four tunedstages, two on input and two on output. To get a
sense of electronics in the 1900s, read Tesla,
Man Out of Time by Margaret Cheney. The unit
of magnetic field density is named after him.
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Oliver Heaviside
Oliver Heaviside (1850 1925) Worked with
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Oliver Heaviside (1850 - 1925) Worked with
Maxwell's equations to reduce the fatigue
incurred in solving them. In the process, he
created a form of vector analysis called
"Operat ional Calculus" that replaced the
differential d/dt with the algebraic variable p,
thus transforming differential equations toalgebraic equations (Laplace Transforms). This
increased the speed of solution considerably.
He also proposed the ionized air layer named
after him (the Heavisids layer), that inductance
can be added to transmission lines to increase
transmission distance, and that charges will
increase in mass when accelerated.
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Robert Norton Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (1927 1990) also
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Robert Norton Noyce (1927 - 1990) also
developed the in tegrated circui t with a
more pract ical app roach to s caling the
size of the circu it .He became a founder of
Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1957.
In 1959, he and a co-worker developed the
design of a semiconducting chip; the sameidea occurred independently that same year
to Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. Noyce
and Kilby were both granted patents. In 1968he formed Intel with Gordon Moore, and in
1971 Intel designer Ted Hoff developed the
f i rst m icrop rocessor, the 4004.
Samuel Finley Breese
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Samuel Finley BreeseMorse
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S C
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Seymour Cray
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Seymour Cray (1925 - 1996)
Also known as "The Father o f
the Supercomputer", along
with George Amdahl, definedthe supercomputer industry in
the year 1976.
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Sir William Crookes
Sir William Crookes (1832 - 1919)
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( )
investigated electrical discharges
through highly evacuated "Crookestubes" in the year 1878. These
studies laid the foundation for J. J.
Thomson's research in the late1890s concerning discharge-tube
phenomena and the electron. He
also discovered the element
Thal l ium and made the
radiometer
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Thomas Alva Edison
1882 Edison installed the f i rst large centralt t i P l St t i N Y k Cit
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power stat ionon Pearl Street in New York City
in 1882; its steam-driven generators of 900
horsepower provided enough power for 7,200lamps. He consistently fought the use of
alternating current AC, and continued to market
direct current DC systems. This eventually
destroyed this arm of his marketing empire dueto inadequate technology. During his
experiments on the incandescent bulb, Edison
noted a flow of electricity from a hot filamentacross a vacuum to a metal wire. This effect,
known as thermionic emission, or the Edison
effect, was the foundation of the work later
refined by Lee De Forest to create the Audion.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931): In 1878, Edisonbegan work on an electric lamp and sought a
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began work on an electric lamp and sought a
material that could be electrically heated to
incandescence in a vacuum. At first he used
platinum wire in glass bulbs at 10 volts. He
connected these bulbs in series to utilize a higher
supply voltage; however, he realized that
independent lamp control would be necessary forhome and office use. He then developed a three-wire
system with a supply of 220 volts DC. Each lamp
operated at 110 volts, and the higher voltage
required a resistance vastly greater than that ofplatinum. Edison conducted an extensive search for
a filament material to replace platinum until, on Oct.
21, 1879, he demonstrated a lamp containing a
carbonized cotton thread that glowed for 40 hours.
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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 - 1923)discovered X for which he received the
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discovered X rays, for which he received the
first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901. He
observed that barium platinocyanide crystalsacross the room fluoresced whenever he turned
on a Crooke's, or cathode-ray discharge, tube,
even when the tube was shielded by thin metal
sheets. Roentgen correctly hypothesized that apreviously unknown form of radiation of very
short wavelength was involved, and that these X
rays (a term he coined) caused the crystals toglow. He later demonstrated the metallurgical
and medical use of X rays which later brought a
revolution the medical science.. The unit of
radiation exposure is named after him.
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Wilhelm Eduard Weber
Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) Gauss is
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( )
known as one of the greatest mathematicians of all
time. At very early age he overturned the theories
and methods of 18th-century mathematics.Beginning in 1830, Gauss worked closely with
Weber. They organized a worldwide system of
stations for systematic observations of terrestrial
magnetism. The most important result of their workin electromagnetism was the development, by
others, of telegraphy. Weber, a German physicist,
also established a system of absolu te electr ical
uni ts . His work on the ratio between the
electrodynamics and electrostatic units was crucial
to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The
MKS unit of flux is named after Weber.
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