Post on 09-Jan-2016
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Grammar
Progressive\Continuous
To be in the middle of doing an action.
Progressive
(person) be (verb)+ing
CLAP
WAVE
Hope
Stative Verbs
be להיות hate לשנוא have יש hear לשמוע like לאהוב hope לקוות regret להצטער love לאהוב understand להבין see לראות wish לייחל want לרצות
Stative = Simple
Stative verbs are verbs without actions.
Stative = Simple
Stative verbs are verbs without actions.
Stative verbs cannot be Progressive, they will always be Simple.
To be
TO BE
I was a baby
To Be
I will be an old man.
To Be
I am an adult.
TO BE
Pastwas / were
Presentam / is / are
Futurewill be
PastPresentFutureIwasamwill be
He/She/Itis
We/You/Theywereare
Helping Verbsam is arewas were
do does didhave has
hadcan couldwill would
shall shouldmay might
must
The dog is sleeping
This dog is not sleeping, he is rowing.
Questions
Is the dog sleeping?
Present Simple
What happens usually.
(person) (verb) = I eat
He\She\It (verb)s = He eats
Helping verbs are do and does.
Present Progressive
What is in the middle of happening now.
(person) am/is/are (verb)ing = I am eating.
Helping verbs are:
am is are
Present Simple - Progressive
Every day she goes to school at 8:20. She doesn’t like to be late.
Present Simple - Progressive
Every day she goes to school at 8:20. She doesn’t like to be late. However, today she is sick. She is not going to school, she’s staying home.
Question 1
I (see) __________ him now. He (smile)__________ at me.
Answer 1
I see him now. He is smiling at me.
Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:
Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:
eat
Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:
eating
Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:
walk
Adding an ingFor most words we just add ing:
walking
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e:
comejokedance
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
comejokedance
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
come
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
com
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
coming
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
joke
e Rule
If the verb ends with an e we delete the e and add ing:
joking
CVC Rule
CVC Rule
C V C
CVC Rule
If the last three letters of a short word are
(consonant) (vowel) (consonant)
CVC Rule
If the last three letters of a short word are
(consonant) (vowel) (consonant)
We double the last letter, and then add ing.
CVC Rule
runplangethit
CVC Rule
runningplanninggettinghitting
ie Rule
If the word ends with ie:
ie Rule
If the word ends with ie:
tieliedie
ie RuleIf the word ends with ie, we
cross out the ie and add ying:
tieliedie
ie RuleIf the word ends with ie, we
cross out the ie and add ying:
tyinglyingdying
S Rules
With most words we just add an s:
S Rules
With most words we just add an s:eatdrinkwalkburp
S Rules
With most words we just add an s:eatsdrinkswalksburps
S Rules
If the word ends with an s:
kiss
S Rules
If the word ends with an s, we add an es:
kiss
S Rules
If the word ends with an s, we add an es:
kisses
S Rules
Also for:s, sh, ch, x, o
kisswashcatchboxgo
S Rules
Also for:s, sh, ch, x, o
kisseswashescatchesboxesgoes
S Rules
If the word ends with a y:
If the word ends with a y:
Words with a normal letter before the y:
flycrytry
Words with a vowel before the y:
playstayspray
If the word ends with a y:
Words with a normal letter before the y delete the y and add ies:
fliescriestries
If the word ends with a y:
Words with a vowel before the y, receive s as usual:
playsstayssprays
Past Simple
An action that happened in the past.
(person) V2walk = walked
cry = cried
go = went
Past Simple
For negatives and questions we use the helping verb did and the V1 form of the verb.
Did he eat the pizza?No, he didn’t eat the pizza.What did he eat?He ate the donut.
Past Progressive
An action that was in the middle of happening in the past.
(person) was/were (verb)ing
The helping verbs are:
was/were
Past Simple and Progressive
While Ray was sleeping the phone rang. He didn’t answer it.
Question 2
Barney (drive) ____ along the street and he (pay/not) _____ attention. Suddenly he (hit) ______ a traffic light.
Answer 2
Barney was driving along the street and he wasn’t paying attention. Suddenly he hit a traffic light.
Present Perfect
Actions that happened but not in the past.
(1) An action that happened and is still happening.He has delivered 450 letters so far today. He
delivered 800 yesterday.
(2) An action that could still happen.
The bus hasn’t come yet. Yesterday it came late as well.
3. An action that has just happened.
She has arrested Martin.
Time Words
Pastyesterday
last week/month/year
a week/month/year ago
in 1945
Present Perfectsince
for
this week/month/year
ever/never
just
so far
yet
Present Perfect Simple - Progressive
(person) have/has V3
(person) have/has been (verb)+ing
Present Perfect Simple - Progressive
Brian has been fishing for three hours and he’s finally caught a fish.
Present Perfect Simple
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about the result of the action:
Brian has caught a fish.
Present Perfect Progressive
We use the Present Perfect Progressive when the action is not finished or when we talk just about the action itself.
Brian has been fishing for three hours
Question 3 Present Perfect Simple - Progressive
Yesterday I (lose) ______ my cellular phone. This morning at 9:00 I (realize) ________ it was gone. I (search) _______ since then but I (find/not) ______ it yet.
Answer 3
Yesterday I lost my cellular phone. This morning at 9:00 I realized it was gone. I have been searching since then but I haven’t found it yet.
Past Perfect
We use the Past Perfect to describe an action that happened before another action, that itself happened in the past.
Past Perfect
George arrived at the harbor, but the ship had already sailed.
Past Perfect
Present = I’m telling the story.
Past = George arrived.
Past Perfect = The ship had gone.
Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
(person) had V3
(person) had been (verb)ing
Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
Robinson didn’t know what to do. He had been trying to find his friends for hours and now it was clear that they had all drowned.
Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
PresentPastPast perfectWe are telling the story.
didn’t know what to do.
He had been trying to find his friends for hours
it was clearthey had all drowned.
Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
Past perfectHe had been trying to find his friends for hoursActionthey had all drowned.Result
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) _____ up this morning, (have) ____ a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) ____ a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go)____ into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) ______ one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) ______ that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) _____ in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) _____ everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) had taken everything while I (sleep) _________.
Question 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I (get) got up this morning, (have) had a shower and (go) went into the living room. I (take) took one look and (realize) realized that a thief (break) had broken in during the night. He (take) had taken everything while I (sleep) had been sleeping.
Answer 4 Past Perfect Simple - Progressive
I got up this morning, had a shower and went into the living room. I took one look and realized that a thief had broken in during the night. He had taken everything while I had been sleeping.
The Passive Voice
A Firing Squad
The soldiers shot the spy. The spy was shot by the soldiers.
The soldiers shot the spy. Active
In an active sentence the subject does the action.
The spy was shot by the soldiers. Passive
In a passive sentence the subject does not do the action, but he is the one to whom the action is done.
Passive
(person) be V3 (by agent)
Passive
(person) be V3 (by agent)
PastPresentFuturePerfectModals
waswere
amisare
will behave beenhas been
had been
can becould be
Bob and Arthur caught the big fish.
Bob and Arthur caught the big fish.
personbev3by agent
The big fishwascaughtby Bob and Arthur.
The Passive Progressive Voice
Harry is catching a fish.
Harry is catching a fish.
A fish is being caught by Harry.
The Passive Progressive Voice
To write a passive progressive sentence, we build in like a normal passive sentence but add the word being.
Future Tenses
Future Simple/ Progressive
be going to
Present Simple/ Progressive
Future Perfect Simple/ Progressive
Future Simple/Progressive
Future Simple
An action that will happen in the future.
(person) will (verb)
Future Progressive
An action that will be in the middle of happening in the future.
(person) will be (verb)ing
Can I call you at 5:00?
No, at 5:00 I’ll be eating.
Okay, I’ll call you at 6:00.
be going to
(person) am/is/are going to V1
An action that will happen in the future.
be going to or will
Harry: What are you going to eat for dinner tonight?Bob: I'm going to eat pizza again.Harry But I told you that pizza is not healthy.Bob: Okay, I'll eat salad.
Present Progressive
(person) am/is/are (verb)ing.
An action that is soon and definite.
Present Simple
(person) (verb)
He/She/It (verb)s
An action that is connected to a schedule.
Present Simple and Progressive
He is leaving soon. His plane takes off at 9:00.
Future Perfect
By the time he is twenty Harry thinks he will have been working for Microsoft for two years and he will have made his first million.
Future Perfect
An action that will have happened by some time in the future.
Future Perfect
(person) will have V3
(person) will have been (verb)ing
Modals
What are Modals?
?
1. (person) MODAL v1
A modal is a word that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.
No modal
I see you.
Modal
I can see you.
No modal
I might see you.
No modal
I must see you.
No modal
I will see you.
(person) MODAL v1
A modal is a word that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.
After the modal there is no to!
I must to see you.
2. Modals are also helping verbs.
I can see you.
I can’t see you.
Can I see you?
3. Most modals have more than one meaning.
Modals
cancouldwillwouldshallshouldmaymightmust
(person) SEMI-MODAL v1
A semi-modal is a phrase that we put between the subject and the v1. Its job is to change the meaning of the sentence.
The last word of semi-modals is to.
2. Modals are not helping verbs.
I have to see you.
I don’t have to see you.
Do I have to see you?
3. Most semi-modals have only one meaning.
Semi-modals
have toought tobe able to
Gerunds and Infinitives
There are times when we have two verbs, one after the other:
I enjoy dancing.
I agree to dance.
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds
I enjoy dancing.
Infinitives
I agree to dance
Some verbs are followed by gerunds and some by infinitives
admit avoid consider delay deny enjoy fancy finish imagine involve mind miss postpone practice regret risk stop suggest
afford agree appear arrange attempt dare decide fail forget hope learn (how) manage offer pretend promise refuse seem tend threaten
Some verbs are followed by gerunds and some by infinitives
admit avoid consider delay deny enjoy fancy finish imagine involve mind miss postpone practice regret risk stop suggest
afford agree appear arrange attempt dare decide fail forget hope learn (how) manage offer pretend promise refuse seem tend threaten
There are three uses of gerunds.After certain verbs.
I suggest going now.
At the beginning of sentences.
Swimming is my hobby.
After prepositions after at before between by during from in into on since with
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns are used:To combine two sentences.To add more information on a noun.
who
A man lives next door. The man is very friendly.
who
A man lives next door. The man is very friendly.
The man who lives next door is very friendly.
who
A man lives next door. The man is very friendly.
The man who lives next door is very friendly.
We use who to replace he\she\they.
Which
I bought a computer yesterday. The computer is already broken.
Which
I bought a computer yesterday. The computer is already broken.
The computer which I bought yesterday is already broken.
Which
I bought a computer yesterday. The computer is already broken.
The computer which I bought yesterday is already broken.
We use which to replace it\they.
That
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
The computer that I bought yesterday is already broken.
That
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
The computer that I bought yesterday is already broken.
We use that to replace he\she\it\they, but not in every case.
That
In these cases we don't use that. Yesterday I met John, who told me that he's
getting married.
Last night we went to Ann's party, which we enjoyed very much.
Whose
Brian doesn't have a TV.
Brian's children are very clever.
Whose
Brian doesn't have a TV.
Brian's children are very clever.
Whose
Brian doesn't have a TV.
Brian's children are very clever.
Brian whose children are very clever, doesn't have a TV .
Whose
Brian doesn't have a TV.
Brian's children are very clever.
Brian whose children are very clever doesn't have a TV .
We use whose to replace he\she\they and also show possession.
When
Oh, it's Friday today! On Fridays I study English.
Oh, today is Friday, when I study English.
Where
This is Maale Adumim. I live in Maale Adumim.
This is Maale Adumim where I live.
When, Where
We use "when" to say when an action happens.
We use "where" to say where an action happens.
Adjectives
An Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives
There are two typical place where adjectives appear:
1.Before the noun.
2.After the verb be or other linking verbs.
Adjectives
1. Before the noun.
Look at the tall basketball player.
Adjectives
…..the tall basketball player.
Adjectives
…..the tall basketball player.
Adjectives
…..the tall basketball player.
Adjectives
1. After certain verbs.
Brian is very tall.
Adjectives
Sometimes we want to compare two nouns.
Adjectives
Harry is taller than Joe, but Joe is more intelligent.
Adjectives
Harry is taller than Joe,..
To compare between two nouns, we add “er” to the adjective and often add the word “than”.
Adjectives
but Joe is more intelligent.
If the adjective is long, to compare between two nouns, we use the word “more” (instead of “er”)
Adjectives
Sometimes we want to compare more than two nouns.
Adjectives
Bao Xishun is the tallest man in the world, but he is not the most attractive.
Adjectives
Bao Xishun is the tallest man in the world..
To compare between more than two nouns, we add “est” to the adjective and often add the word “the”.
Adjectives
but he is not the most attractive.
If the adjective is long, to compare between more than two nouns, we use the word “most” (instead of “est”)
Adjectives
Sometimes we want to talk about equality:
Brian is as tall as his mother.
Adjectives
We express equality with “as Adjective as”
Brian is as tall as his mother.
as as
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs.
The ugly woman sings beautifully.
The word beautifully is an adverb. It describes a verb.
It describes the way the lady sings.
The very ugly woman sings beautifully.
The word very is an adverb. It describes an adjective.
It describes how ugly the lady is.
The very ugly woman sings extremely beautifully.
The word extremely is an adverb. It describes an adverb.
It describes how beautifully the lady sings.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs.
Usually we make an adverb by adding “ly” to an adjectivenice = nicely
quick = quickly
happy = happily
extreme = extremely
There are a few exceptions:
AdjectiveAdverb
goodwell
fastfast
hardhard
latelate
earlyearly
dailydaily
Conditionals
If he studies, he will succeed.
Conditionals
If he studies, he will succeed.
(condition), (result).
Conditionals
He will succeed if he studies .
(result) (condition).
First Condition
If he studies, he will succeed.
(Present Simple), (will) V1.
It will probably happen.
Second Condition
If he studied, he would succeed.
(Past Simple), (would/might/could) V1.
It will probably not happen, hypothetical.
Third Condition
If he had studied, he would have succeeded.
(Past Perfect), (would have) V3.
The time of possibility has passed.
Third Condition Inverted
Had he studied, he would have succeeded.
(Past Perfect), (would have) V3.
It will probably not happen, hypothetical.
Zero Condition
If you freeze water , it turns to ice.(Present Simple), (Present Simple).
Definite Probability.
Nouns
A noun may be a person, a place or a thing:
Nouns
A noun may be something that you can see and feel: A giraffe
Nouns
A noun may be something that you can’t see or feel: Anger
Count Nouns
Count Nouns are nouns that we usually count.
Non-count Nouns
Non-count Nouns are nouns that we usually don’t count.
CountNon-Count
Singular
Plural
Count
SingularEvery singular count-noun must have a words before it:the cat, one cat, my cat
a cat
a/an
In cases where there is nothing special about the noun we use “a” or “an”.
Looking for a parking spot.
a or an
aana manan applea universityan hour
Count
PluralPlural count-nouns might have words before them:the cats, two cats, my cats, some cats, any cats, a lot of cats, a few cats, few cats,
some
We use some to talk about a number, without saying if it is a lot or a little.
Some books could be three or three million.
any
We use the word any instead of some for questions and negatives.
any or some
Do you have any potatoes?
No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have some tomatoes.
a lot of
Do you have any potatoes?
No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have a lot of tomatoes.
many
Do you have any potatoes?
No, I don’t have any potatoes but I have many tomatoes.
NOTHING
Do you have potatoes?
No, I don’t have potatoes but I have tomatoes.
a few or few
A few means enough.
Few means not enough.
few
I have few friends here. I’m lonely!
Non-Count
Non-count nouns might have words before them:
the water, my water, some water, any water, a lot of water, a little, little water,
some
We use some to talk about an amount, without saying if it is a lot or a little.
Some water could be three or three million liters.
any
We use the word any instead of some for questions and negatives.
any or some
Do you have any whisky?
No, I don’t have any whisky but I have some water.
NOTHING
Do you have whisky?
No, I don’t have whisky but I have water.
a little or little
A little means enough.
Little means not enough.
a little
Marlene drank a little water. She felt fine.
little
Sheila drank little water on a hot day. She dehydrated.
Reported Speech
Reported Speech
Joe said, “I am tired now.”
Joe said that he was tired then.
Reported Speech
Joe said, “I am tired now.” – Direct Speech
Joe said that he was tired then. – Indirect Speech
There are three possible changes that we make if we wish to convert a sentence from DIRECT to INDIRECT speech.
Changes
If the reporting verb (say, shout, write, answer, whisper, think, mean etc) is in its past form then the verb(s) in the sentence change.
Joe said, “I am tired now.”
Joe said that he was tired then.
Changes in Tenses
Present simplePast simplePresent ProgressivePast ProgressivePresent Perfect SimplePast Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Past SimplePast Perfect SimplePast ProgressivePast Perfect Progressivewillwouldshallshouldcancouldmaymightmusthad to
Changes
Pronouns sometimes change especially I, we and you.
Joe said, “I am tired now.”
Joe said that he was tired then.
Changes
Time Expressions often change:
Joe said, “I am tired now.”
Joe said that he was tired then.
Time Expressions
agobeforelastthe previousnextthe followingnowthenthisthattodaythat daytomorrowthe following day
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected…
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count on our vote
Example
Smith said, “You elected me three years ago, I am working hard for you, and I hope I can count on your vote tomorrow.”
Smith said they had elected him three years before, he was working for us and he hoped he could count on our vote the following day.
Reporting Questions
Reporting Questions
The detective said, “Are you John Smith?”
The detective asked if he was John Smith.
Changing Questions to Indirect Speech If the reporting verb (say, shout, write, answer,
whisper, think, mean etc) is in its past form then the verb(s) in the sentence change.
Pronouns sometimes change especially I, we and you.
Time Expressions often change:
Also
We add either “if” or “whether” in yes/no questions.
In Wh questions we add the Wh word.
The question takes the form of a normal sentence. Not a question.
Reporting Questions
The detective said, “Are you John Smith?”
The detective asked if he was John Smith.
We add either “if” or “whether” in yes/no questions.
Reporting Questions
The detective said, “Are you John Smith?”
The detective asked if he was John Smith.
The question takes the
form of a normal sentence. Not a question.
Reporting Questions
The detective said, “What is your name?”
The detective asked what his name was.
In Wh questions we add the Wh word.
In Wh questions we add the Wh word.
Reporting Instructions
Reporting Instructions
The teacher said, “Be quiet”
The teacher told us to be quiet.
Reporting Instructions
The teacher said, “Be quiet”
The teacher told us to be quiet.
We usually use words like “told” instead of “said”.
Reporting Instructions
The teacher said, “Be quiet”
The teacher told us to be quiet.
Reporting Instructions
The teacher said, “Be quiet”
The teacher told us to be quiet.
We usually change the reporting verb to told, ordered etc.
We add the word to before the verb.
Tag Questions
We use tag questions:
1. When we think we know the answer.
2. For rhetorical questions.
Tag Questions
We’re lost, aren’t we?
You don’t know where we are, do you?
Tag Questions
We’re lost, aren’t we?
You don’t know where we are, do you?
Tag Questions
Every tag question has two parts:
The statement
You don’t know where we are,
Tag Questions
Every tag question has two parts:
The statement, the tag
You don’t know where we are, do you?
The statement and the tag are opposites.
StatementTag
PositiveNegative
NegativePositive
The tag is always TWO words.
We’re lost, aren’t we?
You don’t know where we are, do you?