Post on 14-Apr-2018
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POLYMERSA guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2010SPECIFICATIONS
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POLYMERS
INTRODUCTIONThis Powerpointshow is one of several produced to help studentsunderstand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirementsof the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes andit can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive whiteboard.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistrytopics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint areoriginal and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must beobtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.
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CONTENTS What is polymerisation?
Types of polymerisation
Addition polymerisation of ethene
Other polymerisation examples
Sources of monomers
Disposal of polymers
Questions
POLYMERS
For more detailed information on fractional distillation, crackingand the properties of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes,
see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
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WHAT IS POLYMERISATION?
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A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
POLYMERISATION
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A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
There are two basic types
POLYMERISATION
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A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
There are two basic types
ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer
examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe
POLYMERISATION
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A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
There are two basic types
ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer
examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe
CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules
not all the original atoms are present in the polymer
examples nylon, polyesters, pva
POLYMERISATION
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A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
There are two basic types
ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer
examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe
CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules
not all the original atoms are present in the polymer
examples nylon, polyesters, pva
ALKENES UNDERGO ADDITION POLYMERISATION
POLYMERISATION
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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed
POLYMERISATION
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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed
POLYMERISATION
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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed
the diagram shows the original monomer and
the repeating unit in the polymer
POLYMERISATION
ethene poly(ethene)
MONOMER POLYMER
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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction
all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed
the diagram shows the original monomer and
the repeating unit in the polymer
POLYMERISATION
ethene poly(ethene)
MONOMER POLYMER
n represents alarge number
the number ofrepeating units isthe same as thenumber of originalmolecules
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The animation shows the monomers turning into the polymer
POLYMERISATION
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ETHENE
PROPENE
TETRAFLUOROETHENE
CHLOROETHENE
POLY(ETHENE)
POLY(PROPENE)
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)
PTFE Teflon
OTHER POLYMERISATION REACTIONS
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
FROM CRUDE OIL
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
FROM CRUDE OIL
CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED
HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
FROM CRUDE OIL
CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED
HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL
THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES
THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
FROM CRUDE OIL
CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED
HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL
THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES
THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING
ETHENE
(an alkene)
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SOURCES OF MONOMERS
FROM CRUDE OIL
CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED
HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL
THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES
THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING
ALKENES ARE AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF CRACKING
ETHENE (C2H4) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ALKENE
ETHENE
(an alkene)
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PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS
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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.
PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS
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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.
they are unreactive to most chemicals
they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)
if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem
PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS
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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.
they are unreactive to most chemicals
they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)
if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem
OPTIONS
PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS
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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.
they are unreactive to most chemicals
they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)
if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem
OPTIONS
recycling high cost of collection and re-processing
incinerate saves on landfill sites and produces energy butproduces toxic fumes
PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS
Plastic bags are being made from polymers andcornstarch so that they break down more easily
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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
QUESTIONS
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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?
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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?
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For more detailed information onFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND
CRACKING, please see the appropriate
Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
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POLYMERSTHE END
2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING