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POLYMERSA guide for GCSE students

KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2010SPECIFICATIONS

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POLYMERS

INTRODUCTIONThis Powerpointshow is one of several produced to help studentsunderstand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirementsof the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.

Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes andit can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive whiteboard.

Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistrytopics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk

All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint areoriginal and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must beobtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

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CONTENTS What is polymerisation?

Types of polymerisation

Addition polymerisation of ethene

Other polymerisation examples

Sources of monomers

Disposal of polymers

Questions

POLYMERS

For more detailed information on fractional distillation, crackingand the properties of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes,

see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

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WHAT IS POLYMERISATION?

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A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

POLYMERISATION

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A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

There are two basic types

POLYMERISATION

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A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

There are two basic types

ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe

POLYMERISATION

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A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

There are two basic types

ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe

CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules

not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

examples nylon, polyesters, pva

POLYMERISATION

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A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

There are two basic types

ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe

CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules

not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

examples nylon, polyesters, pva

ALKENES UNDERGO ADDITION POLYMERISATION

POLYMERISATION

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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction

all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed

POLYMERISATION

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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction

all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed

POLYMERISATION

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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction

all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed

the diagram shows the original monomer and

the repeating unit in the polymer

POLYMERISATION

ethene poly(ethene)

MONOMER POLYMER

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during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction

all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed

the diagram shows the original monomer and

the repeating unit in the polymer

POLYMERISATION

ethene poly(ethene)

MONOMER POLYMER

n represents alarge number

the number ofrepeating units isthe same as thenumber of originalmolecules

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The animation shows the monomers turning into the polymer

POLYMERISATION

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ETHENE

PROPENE

TETRAFLUOROETHENE

CHLOROETHENE

POLY(ETHENE)

POLY(PROPENE)

POLY(CHLOROETHENE)

POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC

POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)

PTFE Teflon

OTHER POLYMERISATION REACTIONS

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

ETHENE

(an alkene)

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SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

ALKENES ARE AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF CRACKING

ETHENE (C2H4) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ALKENE

ETHENE

(an alkene)

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PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.

PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.

they are unreactive to most chemicals

they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)

if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem

PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.

they are unreactive to most chemicals

they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)

if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem

OPTIONS

PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

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Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.

they are unreactive to most chemicals

they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)

if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem

OPTIONS

recycling high cost of collection and re-processing

incinerate saves on landfill sites and produces energy butproduces toxic fumes

PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

Plastic bags are being made from polymers andcornstarch so that they break down more easily

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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES

QUESTIONS

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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES

CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?

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POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES

CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?

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For more detailed information onFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND

CRACKING, please see the appropriate

Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

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POLYMERSTHE END

2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING