gpolypps

7/30/2019 gpolypps

1/31

POLYMERSA guide for GCSE students

KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2010SPECIFICATIONS

7/30/2019 gpolypps

2/31

POLYMERS

INTRODUCTIONThis Powerpointshow is one of several produced to help studentsunderstand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirementsof the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.

Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes andit can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive whiteboard.

Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistrytopics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk

All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint areoriginal and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must beobtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

7/30/2019 gpolypps

3/31

CONTENTS What is polymerisation?

Types of polymerisation

Addition polymerisation of ethene

Other polymerisation examples

Sources of monomers

Disposal of polymers

Questions

POLYMERS

For more detailed information on fractional distillation, crackingand the properties of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes,

see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

7/30/2019 gpolypps

4/31

WHAT IS POLYMERISATION?

7/30/2019 gpolypps

5/31

A process in which small molecules called monomers join

together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

6/31



There are two basic types

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

7/31




ADDITION all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer

examples poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc, ptfe

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

8/31






CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules

not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

examples nylon, polyesters, pva

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

9/31






CONDENSATION monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules

not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

examples nylon, polyesters, pva

ALKENES UNDERGO ADDITION POLYMERISATION

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

10/31

during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction

all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer long hydrocarbon chains are formed

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

11/31



POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

12/31



the diagram shows the original monomer and

the repeating unit in the polymer

POLYMERISATION

ethene poly(ethene)

MONOMER POLYMER

7/30/2019 gpolypps

13/31



the diagram shows the original monomer and

the repeating unit in the polymer

POLYMERISATION

ethene poly(ethene)

MONOMER POLYMER

n represents alarge number

the number ofrepeating units isthe same as thenumber of originalmolecules

7/30/2019 gpolypps

14/31

The animation shows the monomers turning into the polymer

POLYMERISATION

7/30/2019 gpolypps

15/31

ETHENE

PROPENE

TETRAFLUOROETHENE

CHLOROETHENE

POLY(ETHENE)

POLY(PROPENE)

POLY(CHLOROETHENE)

POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC

POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)

PTFE Teflon

OTHER POLYMERISATION REACTIONS

7/30/2019 gpolypps

16/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

7/30/2019 gpolypps

17/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

7/30/2019 gpolypps

18/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL

CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

7/30/2019 gpolypps

19/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL



THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

7/30/2019 gpolypps

20/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL





ETHENE

(an alkene)

7/30/2019 gpolypps

21/31

SOURCES OF MONOMERS

FROM CRUDE OIL





ALKENES ARE AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF CRACKING

ETHENE (C2H4) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ALKENE

ETHENE

(an alkene)

7/30/2019 gpolypps

22/31

PROBLEMS WITH POLYMERS

7/30/2019 gpolypps

23/31

Although polymers derived from alkenes are invaluable to modernsociety, their disposal creates widespread problems.


7/30/2019 gpolypps

24/31


they are unreactive to most chemicals

they are unreactivetobacteria (non-biodegradable)

if they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem


7/30/2019 gpolypps

25/31





OPTIONS


7/30/2019 gpolypps

26/31





OPTIONS

recycling high cost of collection and re-processing

incinerate saves on landfill sites and produces energy butproduces toxic fumes


Plastic bags are being made from polymers andcornstarch so that they break down more easily

7/30/2019 gpolypps

27/31

POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES

QUESTIONS

7/30/2019 gpolypps

28/31


CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?

7/30/2019 gpolypps

29/31


CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?

7/30/2019 gpolypps

30/31

For more detailed information onFRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND

CRACKING, please see the appropriate

Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

7/30/2019 gpolypps

31/31

POLYMERSTHE END

2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

gpolypps

Documents

Transcript of gpolypps