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Good Afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen !!

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Acknowledgments:- Prof. Zhentang Zhao SINAP- Prof. Jochen R. Schneider DESY-CFEL- Committee Members of the Workshop- PAL IAC Members- Prof. K.-J. Kim (APS), Dr. J.R. Hwang (SLAC), Dr. P. Emma (SLAC)- LCLC (SLAC), SACLA (RIKEN/Spring-8), DESY, NSLS-II, SSRF- Asia-Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research (AOFSRR)

- Korea XFEL Science Study Group - Korea XFEL Machine Study Group- Korea Synchrotron Radiation Users Association- PLS Members- POSTECH- Ministry of Education, Science & Technology, Korea

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Moonhor ReeSang Hoon Nam, Tai-Hee Kang, Heung-Sik Kang,Myoohyun Yoon, In-Soo Ko, and XFEL Division Members

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (Pohang Light Source)Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)

Tel: +82-54-279-1001; Fax: +82-54-279-0999E-mail: ree@postech.eduhttp://pal.postech.ac.krhttp://www.postech.ac.kr/mree

PAL-XFEL Project in Korea and Potential Applications in Advanced Sciences

PAL-XFEL Project in Korea and Potential Applications in Advanced Sciences

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4PALXFEL_BDWS_20110314

Moonhor Ree

1. Pohang Accelerator Laboratory(Director)- PLS-II (PLS)- PAL-XFEL*working with Korean Photon Science Community

2. Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTCH)(Postech Fellow & Professor)- Department of Chemistry- Division of Advanced Materials Science- Polymer Research Institute* working on Polymers (Physics & Chemistry)

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M. Ree’s Group (POSTECH)1. Research Fields<Polymer Physics>

- Nanostructures and Morphology - 3D Single Molecule Structure- Polymer Chain Conformation- Surface, Interfaces- Electric, dielectric, optical,

thermal, mechanical properties- Sensor properties

<Polymer Synthesis>- Functional polymers- Structural polymers- Polypeptides, DNA, RNA

2. Group Members 15 Ph.D. candidates

2 Postdoctors2 Technicians4 Scientists (PLS: Coworkers)

♦ Polymers for Microelectronics, Displays, & Sensors

♦ Polymers for Implants & Biological Systems

♦ Proteins & Polynucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Polymer Synthesis & Physics Group Polymer Synthesis & Physics Group

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Missions of PAL

Quantum

Jump

(Upgra

de & XFEL)

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Two Major Missions of PLSTwo Major Missions of PLS1. PLS PLS-II : in Upgrading

2. XFEL (X-ray Free Electron Laser) Facility (4th Generation)* Energy: 10 GeV (0.1, 0.06 nm = λ)* 1 Hard X-ray Undulator 3* 1 Soft X-ray Undulator 2* Hard X-rays: 2 Exp. Stations ( 15)

Sofat X-rays: 2 Exp. Stations ( 10)(2011-2014): 426 M$

* Coherent X-ray Beam* Super-high Beam Flux* Nanoscale Beam Size* Femtosecond Pulse X-ray Beam

Major Upgrade -- (2009-2011): 100 M$* Higher Energy : 3.0 GeV (←2.5 GeV)* Smaller Emittance: 5 nm⋅rad (←18 nm ⋅rad)* Higher Beam Flux: 102-103 higher* More Insertion Device Beam Lines: 20 (←10)

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Polymer Synthesis and Physics Laboratory

Two Major Missions of PLSTwo Major Missions of PLS

1. PLS (3rd Generation) PLS-II : in Upgrading Major Upgrade -- (2009-2011)

* Higher Energy : 3.0 GeV (←2.5 GeV)* Smaller Emittance: 5 nm⋅rad (←18 nm ⋅rad)* Higher Beam Flux: 102-103 higher* More Insertion Device Beam Lines: 20 (←10)

5th Machine in the world(since 1994)

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Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

DesignPurchase

and Manufacturing

Setups

Dismantlement

Installation

Survey and Alignments

Commissioning

User service

Activity 2010201020092009 20112011 2012

3 Year for PLS Upgrade= 2 Year for Design and Manufacturing +0.5 Year for Dismantlement and Installation+0.5 Year for Commissioning

PLSPLS

PLS II Upgrade Schedule

PLS-IIPLS-IIShut-downYr 2011

Shut-downYr 2011

The storing of e-beam in the storage ringwas succeeded on August 5. (now, 40 mA/3.0 GeV).

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9C_10C_XRS II

2A_2A1_MS

4A_3A1,2_ARPES,ARUPS

8A_8A1,2_SPEM,PES II

6C_Bio-imaging(건설중)

2C_TR-XAFS (계획)

5A_5A_HFXS

1C_High energy(계획)

9A_9A_U-SAXS

10C_10A_HFXAFS

10A_Nanoscopy(건설중)

11A_Micro-MX (계획)

3A_11A_RXS

6A_HE-MS(계획)

5C_4A_HFMX

3C_4C1_SAXS I

4C_4C2_SAXS II

7A_6B_MX I

7C_1B2_XM I

8C_3C1_XAFS I

e-

PLS-IIStorage

Ring

10

9 8

7

6

5

4

32

1

12

11

Long ID (LI)Short ID (SI)BM

Bending Magnet (20기)

Insertion Device (20기)

8D_8C1_POSCO

1B_Diagnostic I

1D_10B_KIST-PAL

2D_6C_MX II

3D_3C2_XRS I

4B_5C1_XMD

5D_5C2_GIST

6D_7B2_XM II

7D_7C_XAFS II

9B_8C2_HRPD

10D_7B1_PES I

9D_9C_XNMM

11B_11B

4D_4B1_PES II

7B_Diagnostic II

11D_IR(계획)

PLS II - Beamlines

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fs THz Facility (PAL)

Oscillator

Reg

en. A

mp.

Tripler

Laser Room

266 nm, 1 kHz

RF gun

Ti foil

Chicane 1CTR

THz radiationPSD

Analog PIDcontroller

Lead blocks

AC1 QD1

Stretcher

Spec

trom

ete

r

AC2 QD2

Chicane 2

QT1

LINAC

Laboratory

Analog PIDcontroller

QD

Pulse Compressor

OP

A

~1.4 mJ~1 cm diameter

OTR

EO Sampling

Regen. Amplifier 3W, 120 fs, 1KHz

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Specifications of Electron Linac

Parameters ValueBeam

ChargeBunch

Length after RF-Gun

Bunch Length after

ChicaneBeam EnergyBeam ChargeBeam EmittanceBeam Pulse Repetition Rate

60 MeV0.2-0.5 nC5 mm-mrad60 Hz max.

0.2 nC

0.5 nC

0.5 ps

2 ps

<75 fs

<150 fs

THzCTR

CSRmonitor Cherenkov

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PAL-XFELPohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)

Pohang Light Source (PLS)

14

14PALXFEL_BDWS_20110314

PAL-XFEL Project(2011-2014)

1. PAL Members2. Korea Synchrotron Radiation Users Association

- XFEL Machine Study Group- XFEL Science Study Group- University Groups

3. Companies (Korean/Foreign Companies)

4. LCLS (SLAC), SACLA (RIKEN/Spring-8),Euro XFEL/FLASH (DESY), Fermi-FEL,PSI-XFEL, etc.

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PLS NCNT

Pohang TechnoPark

MainCampus

Campus HotelDigital Library

BioTechCenterRobot Center

Apartments&

Dormitory

POSTECH Campus

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16FLSWS10_XFEL_20101105

XFELs around the World Project Type Location Country e-Beam (GeV) Photon (nm) Status

LEUTL SASE APS USA 0.22 660-130 Since 2001 TTF I SASE DESY Germany 0.3 125-85 Since 2002 SDL DUV-FEL HGHG SDL/NSLS USA 0.145 400-100 Since 2002 FLASH (TTF) SASE DESY Germany 1.0 12 - 6 Since 2006 SCSS Prototype SASE SPring-8 Japan 0.25 150-50 Since 2006 LCLS SASE SLAC USA 14.5 0.15 in 2009 SACLA SASE SPring-8 Japan 8 0.1 (0.05) in 2011 Euro XFEL SASE DESY Germany 17.5 0.05 in 2014

SPARC SASE INFN Frascati Italy 0.15 500 in 2007 FERMI HGHG Trieste Italy 1.2 10 in 2011

Soft X-ray FEL HGHG BESSY Germany 2.3 64 - 1.2 proposal SPARX HHG INFN Frascati Italy 1 - 2 1.5 proposal 4GLS HGHG Daresbury GB 0.6 100 - 19 proposal ARC-EN CIEL HHG Saclay France 0.7 1 proposal

PAL XFEL SASE Pohang Korea 10 0.06 in 2014PSI XFEL SASE PSI Swiss 5.8 0.1 (in 2016)

DUV/Soft X-ray HGHG SINAP China 0.8-1.3 >3 approved

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PLS PLS-IIPLS PLS-II

PLS-II Upgrade Project on-goingDBA, 3 GeV, 5.8nm.rad, 20 ID BLsProject Period : 2009 ~ 2011

Linac Energy : 10 GeVX-ray Wavelength : 0.06 nmProject Period : 2011 ~ 2014

PAL-XFELPAL-XFEL

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PAL-XFEL

19

PAL-XFEL

19

Beamline

Undulator

Building

Linac Hall

750

1. Assembly 20

2. Linac 650

3. BTL 80

UndulatorHall

250

XFEL Beamline

150

1. Front-end 30

2. Experiment hall 120

Total Length [m]

1150

Linac

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Land Preparation

■ Building Arrangement

Use only stable excavated area, without filled area.

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Inside Views of PAL-XFEL

Pre-injec

tor

LINAC

BTL

Undulato

rs

Experime

nts

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Issues considered in Machine Design

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FEL Wavelength and Tunability

Repetition Rate

Single/Multi-bunch Operation

RMS Photon Length and Variability

E-beam and Photon Beam Jitter

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XFEL Wavelength and Tunability

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Define as a Hard X-ray Machine0.7 – 0.06 nm (Target 0.06 nm)

With Soft X-ray Capability10 – 1 nm (still under debate)

Tunable by beam energy and/or undulator gap adjustment

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XFEL Repetition Rate

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User wish: 1 MHz repetition rate ( 1 μs pulse separation)

PAL XFEL- 120 Hz (with SLED) design for hard XFEL

Repetition rates in Other FacilitiesLCLS:- 120 Hz (with SLED) for hard XFEL- 360 Hz (without SLED) for soft XFELSACLA (RIKEN/Spring-8)- 60 Hz (with SLED) for hard XFELEuro XFEL- 10 Hz (180 kHz possibility) for hard XFEL

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XFEL Multi-bunch Operation

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LCLS: one or few with 120 Hz RF pulsesSACLA (Spring-8 XFEL): claiming 40~50 bunches in each of 60 RF pulses (238 MHz pre-buncher -> 4 ns separation)European XFEL: 2700 bunches in each of 10 RF pulses (220 ns spacing)

PAL XFEL: Single-bunches (one or few bunches) in each 120 Hz RF pulses

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XFEL RMS Photon Length and Variability

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Should be possible to vary photon beam pulse length: 100s fs – 10s fs (nominal: 50 fs)

Have a potential to generate < 5 fs Hard XFEL generation with low charge (20 pc)

Pursue ultra short < 0.5 fs XFEL generation scheme

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27

Minimize the e-beam jitter at the entrance of undulator: < 50 fs rms

Find a scheme to minimize overall photon beam jitter

E-beam and Photon Beam Jitter

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Major Parameters of PAL-XFEL

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FEL wavelength [nm] 0.06

Electron Linac

Beam energy [GeV] 10

Beam charge [nC] 0.2

Beam emittance [ mm-mrad] 0.5

Injector Gun Photocathode RF-gun

Peak current at undulator [kA] 3

Energy spread, σΔγ /γ 1.0 x 10-4

Repetition rate 120 Hz

Number of Bunch Single

Linac Structure S-band

Undulator Undulator type Out-vacuum

Undulator Period [cm] 2.14

Undulator Gap [mm] 6.8

Undulator parameter, K 1.516

Beta function [m] 20

Saturation Length [m] 100

FEL FEL Radiation Power [GW] 4.0

Rms Photon length [fs] 50

FEL Photons/pulse 1.0 E+11

Peak Brightness 1.3 E+32

Average Brightness 1.5 E+21

Wavelength

Soft x-ray: 1 nm ~ 10 nm

Hard X-ray: 0.7 ~ 0.06 nm

Photon beam Length

Nominal : 10 ~ 50 fs (200 pC)

Short : < 5 fs (20 pC)

Ultra short: < 0.5 fs

by ESASE scheme

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XFEL Configuration (S-band)

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PAL-XFEL Layout (1st Phase)

Photocathode RF-gun

Out vacuum Undulator(EURO-XFEL undulatordesign )

Modulator, Klystron S-band Accelerating Structure

Linac(650 m)

BTLUndulator Hall

(250 m)

Beamline(150 m)

20 m 670 m 750 m 1000 m 1150 m

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BTL and Undulator Hall

31

Spectrometer (vertical)

Length: 2 mBend Angle: 4.9991 B-field: 1.454 T Drift Distance: 10 mVertical Offset: 0.8725 m

SoftXFEL

HardXFEL

Hard X-ray FEL (0.7 ~ 0.06 nm)

Soft X-ray FEL (10 ~ 1 nm)

Beam DumpLength: 7.5 m

Bend angle: 20.0 B-field: 1.551 T

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Linac Cavity for XFELLCLS SPring8 FEL Swiss XFEL Shanghai XFEL PAL XFEL

S-band2.856 GHz

C-band5.712 GHz

C-band5.712 GHz

C-band5.712 GHz

S-band2.856 GHz

Cavity length [m] 3.0 1.8 2.0 3.0

Choke mode structure No Yes No No No

Multi-bunch operation Two

bunches Possible Two bunches

One bunch

(Two

bunches)

Accelerating gradient

[MV/m]

Max 30 40 30

Operation 20 35 26.5 40 27

The maximum accelerating gradient of S-band accelerating structure is 30 MV/m, which is realized in the PLS 2.5 GeV Linac.

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Time Table of PAL X-FEL Project

R&D

Development of LLRF, Cavity BPM Development of undulator

FS-THz Beamline Construction: Development of RF-gun, Laser system, Modulator

User Service Operation StartFemto-second Pump-probe Experiment

Accelerator & Experimental areas

Component procurement, reception, assembly

Commissioning

BuildingPrepare construction

Civil engineering

Technical Infrastructure

Install components

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Milestones

0.3 nmConceptual Design Report

0.1 nmConceptual Design Report

Technical Design Report

Start Const-ruction

Building Delivery

Start Operation

Start Routine Operation

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March 2003: X-FEL Design Task Force Team was set up in March 2003July 2004: VIP visited PALJanuary 2005: fs-THz Construction Start. Major R&D (RF-Gun, Laser System, Modulator, etc) started.

PALXFEL_BDWS_20110314

34

34

PAL-XFEL Experimental Stations

35

Full Energy Spectrum of X-ray Science

0.1 1 10 100

Soft XFEL

Photon Energy (keV)

Hard XFEL

10 1 0.1 0.01

Wavelength (nm)

Water Window Chemistry & Catalysis

Magnetism &

SuperconductivityProtein

Structure

Inorganic MaterialsComplexMaterials

Cell Imaging

PAL Hard X-ray FEL (0.7 nm – 0.06 nm)(1.8 keV – 20 keV)

PAL Soft X-ray FEL (10 nm – 1 nm)

(0.12 keV – 1.2 keV)

10 nm – 0.4 nm (124 eV – 3.1 keV)

0.4 nm – 0.01 nm (3.1 keV – 124 keV)XFEL:

• Ultra-Small Sciences• Ultra-Fast Sciences

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36

Korean XFEL Science CommitteeSummary of Scientific Cases for PAL-XFEL1. Fundamental Understanding of XFEL Interactions with

Matter (Hard and Soft)2. Molecule & Particle Imaging: Coherent Scattering

Imaging3. Atomic Physics4. Chemical Reaction Dynamics 5. Photoreaction Dynamics6. Nano-Photon Beam Science7. Nanomagnetism8. Correlated Electronic Systems 9. Surface Science; Catalysis10.Nano-Materials for Energy Applications11.Biomedical imaging12.Hard X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy13. etc.

37

PAL-XFEL Instrumentations (1st Phase)

(1) Hard X-ray XFEL Beamline (Planar Undulator) with 2-instrumentations

1. XPP (X-ray Pump Probe) Dynamics of photo-induced phase transitionsStudies of intense laser-matter interactionsTime-resolved studies of chemical dynamics in solutionDynamics of photoactive proteins

2. CXI/XCS (Coherent X-ray Imaging/X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy)Imaging of reproducible biomoleculesProtein NanocrystallographyImaging of nanoparticlesImaging of hydrated living cellsPump-probe imagingCoherence and CorrelationsStudies of Glassy DynamicsPhonon SpectroscopyTime-resolved Magnetic ScatteringNon-Equilibrium Dynamics

(2) Soft X-ray XFEL Beamline (Helical Undulator) with 2-instrumentations

1. XPP (Ultrafast Science) 2. CXI/XCS (Coherent Science)Pump-Probe Ultrafast Chemistry Ultrafast Coherent ImagingClusters as new Materials Magnetic Imaging

Strongly Correlated Materials

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EH & End Station Scientific Instruments40 x 120 m

3 m

10 x 1010 x 10 10 x 1010 x 8

Laser Booth

EH0(Optics)

EH1 (XPP)

EH2(XCS)

EH3(CXI)

EH1 EH2 EH3

EH5 EH4

• X-ray Hutch Height (HH) = 4 m• EH Ceiling Height = 2.5 x HH ~ 10 m• Heavy-Duty Overhead Crane (3 Tons)

Lifting Height = 2.0 x HH ~ 8 m

EH0

Soft X-ray Experimental Station

•Notice the short distance (3 m)between neighboring beamlines

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Technical Issues in XFEL Project• Optics

Synthetic Single Crystal Diamond Super-Smooth X-ray MirrorPinhole with perfect shape and surface roughnessUltra pure and perfect Be window Development

• Nanometer focusing techniquesWithout disturbing the coherence nature of XFEL

• DetectorsUltrafast & High Resolution Area Detector

• Sub-ps to fs timing techniquesPump-probe techniques (split & delay or synchronization)

• Imaging techniquesDevelopment of efficient phase retrieval methods

• Theoretical study of ultrafast and nonlinear phenomenaNew territory that have never before been observed

• Fast efficient data handlingReal time analysis of data to guide the ongoing experiments

40

Open Questions on X-ray Optics with XFELKey Issues of

R&D Experimental Stage

Ultrafast Dynamics X-ray Diffraction:1. Development of Ultrafast Diffractive Optics2. Time-dependent Extended Takagi-Taupin Theory3. fs Laser Assisted Bragg Switch for X-ray4. X-ray Optical Femtosecond Streak Camera5. Ultrafast Phase Retarder6. Spectral Concentration of X-rays7. Fast Borrmann Shutter

Nonlinear/Quantum Optics:1. X-ray Parameteric Down Conversion2. Quantum Imaging

Development of X-ray Focusing Optics:1. Reflective Optics (Adaptive X-ray KB Mirror)2. Refractive Optics (Compound Refractive Lens)3. Diffractive Optics

New Scheme of Pump-Probe Technique:1. Pump: Optical Laser, Soft XFEL, Hard XFEL2. Probe: Soft & Hard X-ray

X-ray Parametric Down Conversion(Entangled X-ray Photon)

X-ray Spectral Concentrator

41

PAL-XFEL Beamline Construction Groups(0) Overall Beamline Design Concept

(6) Computer-Aided Design

(5) Vacuum Beam Transport & Support SystemVacuum Component DesignBeamline Girder System

(1) Active Optical ElementsDouble Crystal MonochromatorHarmonic Rejection Mirror System

(2) Passive Optical Elements Collimator, Mask, SlitGas & Solid Attenuator, Shutter

(3) Laser & Timing

(4) Micron & Sub-Micron Focusing OpticsCompound Refractive LensKirkpatrick-Baez Mirror

(7) Interlock & Personal Safety System Design

(8) Radiation Safety System Design

42

XFEL Photon Beam Diagnostics & Optical Laser

XFEL X-ray Beam Intensity/Position/Profile MeasurementMicro-Strip Ion Chamber, Differential Pumping System, Direct Beam Profile Imager

XFEL X-ray Beam Coherence MeasurementCCD Detector System, Micro-Slit & Pin-Hole System

XFEL X-ray Beam Spectrum MeasurementImage & Energy Dispersive Detector System

XFEL X-ray Beam Pulse Width Measurement R&DPhotoelectric Spectrum Broadening Measurement System, Optical Interferometer System

Nano Beam Focusing Optics Development & CharacterizationK-B Mirror System, Compound Refractive Lens System, Zone-Plate Development

Optical Pump Laser Development Tunable Optical Pump Laser System, Timing System

XFEL-Atom Interaction (Photo-Ionization Process) : Basic Research Nonlinear Effect in atomic & molecular Ionization Phenomena

43

Open Questions in XFEL Parameters

1. Multi-Bunching Operation2. Bandwidth Narrowing Scheme3. AttoSecond XFEL Beam Operation4. Different Undulator Geometry (Vertical Arrangement)5. Minimum Wavelength Limit6. XFEL Pump & XFEL Probe (Two Color Source)

44

Quantum

Jump

(Upgra

de & XFEL)

Thank you very much for attention !