Marielba ZacariasProf. Auxiliar DEEI

FCT I, Gab 2.69, Ext. 7749mzacaria@ualg.pt

http://w3.ualg.pt/~mzacaria

Information & KnowledgeManagement - Class 2

Knowledge Management vs Knowledge Engineering

Summary

Knowledge Managment

Knowledge Engineering

Knowledge Management

in Organizational and Management Sciences

“The Tacit Dimension”, M. Polanyi, 1966

Tacit

Individual knowledge embedded in experience and involves opinions, instincts, judgements and values

Explicit

Knowledge shared via oral or written means (for some, information)

Types of knowledge

Types of KnowledgeEmpirical: Tacit knowledge from experience

Skill & “know-how”,Atention, love and trustEnergy, passion and stress

Conceptual:Explicit knowledge articulated through language, symbols and images

Designs, models, concepts about artifacts

Routines: Tacit knowledge routinized through work practices

Know-how about daily operations, organizational routines and culture

Sistemic:Explícit knowledge standardized, distributed and packagedDocuments, Specifications, manuals, data bases, patents and licences

Knowledge creation process (SECI)

Knowledge Chaininternal awareness

know core skills and competences

internal responsiveness

explore and exploit them in value actions

external responsiveness

capacity to satisfy market needs

external awareness

ability of perceiving how the market values product and services

Chain dynamicsInternal Internal

Awareness

Responsiveness

Wrong chaininternal awareness

extensive use of graphics, management through memos, no knowledge sharing, static procedures and policies. Focus on product lines

internal responsiveness

new ideas drowned by hierarchical and excessively departamentalized structures

external responsiveness

no feedback loops with clients, few predictive efforts

external awareness

slow distribution channels, standard products, long innovation cycles, excessive focus on the internal rate of return

Right Chaininternal awareness

awareness of strenghts and weaknesses, experiences are openly communicated, focus on compentencies and skills not on products

internal responsiveness

ability of organizing competencies based on internl awareness and market needs

external responsiveness

reduction of filters to access the market and capacity of creating partnerships with clients and competitors, proactive thinking and behavior

external awareness

focus on service client and using knowledge as a value-creating product

KM Processes(Frapaiolo)

Intermediation

link knowledge-person

from provider to consumer

Externalization

link knowledge-knowledge

store in repository

organize within classification system

KM Processes II(Frapaiolo)

Internalization

link knowledge-query

extraction & filtering by consumer

Cognition

link knowledge-process

application of knowledge in organizational activity

A model for KM

Another model

Recognition of

Knowledge need

Knowledge Resources

KME,

Knowledge Activities

KM Influences

Triggers

Govern

Achievement of

Available for processing in

Learning

Projection

Another model

Recognition of

Knowledge need

Knowledge Resources

KME,

Knowledge Activities

KM Influences

Triggers

Govern

Achievement of

Available for processing in

Learning

Projection

CompetitionFashionMarketsTechnologyTimeGEPSE climate

KM Activities 1

Using

Acquiring

External Sources

Internalizing

KM Activities 1

Using

Acquiring

External Sources

Internalizing

Identifying knowledge in the

environment and transforming

it into a representation for

usage and/or internalization

IdentifyingCapturingOrganizingTransferring

KM Activities 2

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Selecting

Internalizing

KM Activities 2

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Selecting

Internalizing

Participants’ knowledgeArtifactsCultureStrategy…

KM Activities 2

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Selecting

Internalizing

Identifying knowledge within

the organization’s KR and

providing it in an appropriate

representation to an activity

that needs it

IdentifyingCapturingOrganizingTransferring

Participants’ knowledgeArtifactsCultureStrategy…

KM Activities 3

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Selecting

Internalizing

KM Activities 3

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Selecting

Internalizing

Incorporating knowledge into the

organization. Culminating activity

in organizational learning AssessingTargetingStructuringDelivering

KM Activities 3

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Generating

Externalizing

Selecting

Internalizing

External Targets

KM Activities 3

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Generating

Externalizing

Selecting

Internalizing

External Targets

Generating

Applying existing knowledge to

generate new (or not new)

knowledge

MonitoringEvaluatingProducingTransferring

KM Activities 3

Using

Acquiring

Kn

ow

led

ge

Re

so

urc

es

External Sources

Generating

Externalizing

Selecting

Internalizing

External Targets

Generating

Applying existing knowledge to

generate new (or not new)

knowledge

MonitoringEvaluatingProducingTransferring

Externalizing

Making some knowledge

available in an outward form

TargetingProducingTransferring

Knowledge ManagementActivities that we do not do in IM

socialize

internalize

externalize

combine

“sensemaking”

create

synthesize

design

learn

sharing

tomar decisões

Knowledge Management

in Computer Science

Knowledge Management(Laudon & Laudon)

Capture, Codification and Discovery

Expert Systems, Neuronal networks, fuzzy logic, data mining, genetic algorithms, intelligent agents

Creation

CAD, Virtual Reality, Investment workstations

Sharing

Tools supporting individual and collaborative work (e-mail, groupware, intranets)

Distribution

word processing, worksheets, publishing tools

CommonKADS

Methodology to carry out structured knowledge Management, Knowledge Analysis and Knowledge-intensive system development

Product from Artificial Intelligence

CommonKADSPremises

Knowledge is a valuable asset

Knowledge engineering lies at the heart of development, distribution and maintenance of knowledge assets

Knowledge in CommonKADS

Data, information and knowledge slightly different meanings

Data is uninterpreted signals

Information is data with meaning

Data and information that people bring about to practical use in action

Knowledge Engineering

Discipline devoted to the analysis, design and implementation of knowledge systems

knowledge systems =

expert systems, knowledge-based systems, knowledge-intensive information systems

First Architecture of Knowledge Systems

ReasoningMechanism

Domain Knowledge(facts, rules)

Knowledge Engineering Principles

Constructing different aspect models of human knowledge

Modeling activity

First concentrate on the conceptual structure of knowledge, leave programming details for later

Knowledge has a stable structure analyzable through knowledge types and roles

Knowledge Project must be managed in a controlled “spiral” way (iterative and incremental)

CommonKADS Model Suite

task modelorganization

model agent model

knowledge model

communication model

design model

Organizational & Task Models

Mayor features of an organization to discover problems and opportunities, feasibility and impact of knowledge systems

Task layout. Inputs and outputs, pre-conditions, performance criteria, needed resources and competences

Agent & Knowledge Models

Human and automated agents. Competences, authority and constraints to act. Communication links among agents.

Knowledge Types and Structures in a language understandable by humans. Vehicle of communication with experts and users about problem-solving aspects

Knowledge Representation

Semantic Networks, Frames

Conceptual maps

Class diagrams

Topic Maps

Graphs

Rules, Scripts....

Communication and Design Models

Communicative transactions

Language-Action Perspective modeling approaches

Technical specifications in terms of architecture, implementation platform and software modules

based on the previous models

CommonKADSroles

Knowledge provider/expert

Knowledge engineer/analyst

Knowledge-system developer

Knowledge user

Project Manager

Knowledge Manager

architecture + management issues