Galen’s Theory of the Four Galen’s Theory of the Four TemperamentsTemperaments(130-200 A.D.) (130-200 A.D.)

Blood – Cheerful, sanguine, warm-hearted, volatile

Black Bile – Sad, Melancholic

Yellow Bile – Fiery, Quick-Tempered, Person of Action

Phlegm – Slow Moving, Cautious, Phlegmatic

When are Traits Good Predictors of When are Traits Good Predictors of Behavior?Behavior?

When they are specific and limited

When an individual is extreme on the trait

Traits predict general behavior over time better than single instances

More specific situations help make traits better predictors

The influence of any personality trait can be overpowered by strong situations

The Metatrait HypothesisThe Metatrait Hypothesis

Personalities of different individuals contain different clusters of traits, so that traits that are important for you (self-schematic traits) are more useful than traits that are not relevant to you (aschematic traits)

The “Big Five” Personality The “Big Five” Personality TraitsTraitsExtraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness (Will to Achieve)

Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

Openness to Experience

The Measurement of The Measurement of PersonalityPersonality

OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY

Global Measures – MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Specific Measures – Locus of Control

PROJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY

EXAMPLES:

Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test

The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test

The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test

The Rorschach TestThe Rorschach Test

Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)

Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)

Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)(TAT)

Sigmund Freud & Sigmund Freud & PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Freud: 1856-1939

Freud’s View of Human Freud’s View of Human NatureNatureMotivation due to the Pleasure PrincipleWe are driven to action by instincts

◦ Eros: The Sex Instinct Libido – Psychic energy associated with the sex

instinct.

◦ Thanatos: The Death InstinctPsychic Determinism: Nothing happens

by chanceThe Unconscious: Part of the personality

that is inaccessible to the person

Freud’s View of Human Freud’s View of Human NatureNature

Freud’s Model of the Freud’s Model of the PersonalityPersonality Id

◦ Entirely unconscious◦ Irrational, impulsive, selfish◦ No conception of reality or morality◦ Primary Process Thought

Ego◦ Develops around 6-8 months◦ Sane & rational; The Reality Principle◦ Secondary Process Thought◦ Anxiety is the Ego’s response to threats

Superego◦ Morality; internalizes rules; sense of right and

wrong◦ Ego Ideal – what person would like to be◦ Punishes with guilt

Psychosexual Stages of Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentDevelopmentOral Stage ( Lasts for first12-18 months)Anal Stage (1-1.5 years through age 3 or so)Phallic Stage (about 3 until about 6)

◦ Oedipus ComplexLatency Stage ( 6 until puberty)Genital Stage (puberty through adulthood)

Anxiety & Defense Anxiety & Defense MechanismsMechanisms Repression- Ego keeps impulses from consciousness Denial- Refuse to perceive reality Displacement- Substitute acceptable for unacceptable

things Sublimation- Rechannel impulses to creative, socially

acceptable behavior Projection- Attribute one’s own undesirable

characteristics to others Reaction Formation- Behave opposite to impulses Rationalization- Justify through excuses Intellectualization- Dissociate from feelings; focus on

logic Undoing- Perform desirable act to make up for

undesirable one Compromise Formation- Use contradictory behaviors

to gain satisfaction from undesirable impulse

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisGoal: Seek insight into the

unconscious, achieve catharsis & release from tension

Tools of Psychoanalysis:◦ Hypnosis◦ Free Association◦ Analysis of Dreams

Other Influential People in Other Influential People in PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisCarl Jung (1875-1961)Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Karen Horney (1885-1952)Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)Otto Rank (1884-1945)

Carl Jung (1875-1961)Carl Jung (1875-1961)Psychic energy still an outcome of conflict

between opposing forces in personality, but it is not all about sex.

There is a personal AND collective unconscious◦ Instincts & Archetypes

The Persona The Shadow The Animus & Anima

His “Theory of Psychological Types” is very influential in psychology today; the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Developed advanced techniques for the interpretation of dreams.

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Alfred Adler (1870-1937) He called his system “Individual Psychology” An Individual’s Goals direct his or her behavior

◦ Striving for perfection & completion◦ Overcoming feelings of inferiority & striving for superiority

Organ Inferiority Masculine Protest Inferiority Complex

Social Interest Style of Life Early Childhood Experiences are Critical for

Development◦ Parenting Style (pampering vs. neglect) determine style of

life◦ Birth Order is a critical variable

Goals of Psychotherapy: To promote a socially interested style of life & overcome feelings of inferiority◦ Uses standard psychoanalytic techniques, especially dream

interpretation

Third Force PsychologyThird Force PsychologyA Reaction against determinism of

Behaviorism & Psychoanalysis◦ Human behavior is NOT determined◦ Humans are free to choose their own existence

A Combination of Humanistic & Existential Psychology

Focus is on helping healthy individuals achieve full potential

Humanistic Psychology: People are innately good; We strive to actualize our inner potential

Existential Psychology: We need to create meaning in our life and “Take charge”

Third Force PsychologyThird Force PsychologyFamous Third-Force Psychologists

◦Martin Heidegger (Existential)◦Rollo May (Humanistic)◦Erich Fromm (Existential)

Psychopathology results from cultural forces that prevent us from creating meaning

◦Abraham Maslow (Humanistic) Psychopathology results from failure to

satisfy needs (especially self-actualization needs)

◦Carl Rogers (Humanistic) Psychopathology results from a lack of

positive self-regard created by “conditions of worth”