Functional Groups – Page 3Functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.

Most organic chemistry involves substituentsoften contain O, N, S, or P

Same Functional GroupWill have the same non-hydrocarbon group

Will have similar chemical properties

Alcohols – Page 3Alcohols - Organic compounds with an -OH groupThe -OH functional group in alcohols is called a “hydroxyl” group; thus R-OH is the formula

How is this different from the hydroxide ion? (covalent bonding with the carbon- not ionic with a metal like bases)

AlcoholsFor IUPAC:

Drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name;

add ending of -ol, number the position of -OH

Alcohol Example

AlcoholsThe hydroxyl is given the lowest position number

Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively

Alcohol Examples

Classification of Alcohols – Page 4

Ethers – Page 5Organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to 2 carbon groups: R-O-R is formula

R and R’ could be two different alkyl chains.

Naming EthersName the two alkyl chains on each side of the

Oxygen.Add –yl ending.

Name the longest chain first and shorter chain second.

Combine the two names and add ether.

Naming Ethers

Aldehydes (p. 9)Organic compounds that have a carbonyl

group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain.

General form: O OR-C-H H-C-R

Naming: Drop the “e” from the alkane name and

add “al”

Example OC-C-H

Ethane ( - e ) add al

  Ethanal

Name:

  O C O

C-C-C-C

 2-methyl-1,4-butanedial(you are supposed to keep the “e”)

Ketones (p. 10)Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group

is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end).

General form: OR-C-R’

Naming: Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”.

“one” is pronouced “own” Give the position # for the carbonyl.

Example:

O C-C-C

2-propanone

Example:

C O O C-C-C-C-C-C5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione

Carboxylic Acids (p. 11)Carboxyl group: O or O

-C-OH HO-C-Organic compounds that contain a

carboxyl functional group.Can only be on the ends.

Carboxylic Acids (p. 11) OGeneral formula: R-C-OHNaming: oIf one carboxyl group• Drop the “e” from the alkane name and

add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)

Example:

O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH

hexanoic acid

Example:

C O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH

5-methyl hexanoic acid

oIf more that one carboxyl group.• One on each end of the parent chain.• -dioic acid.

Example:

O O HO-C-C-C-C-OH

1,4-butanedioic acid