PETROLIMEXPETROLIMEX

FUEL’S QUALITY & FURURE SUGGESTED

STAGES FOR FUEL’S QUALITY IN VIETNAM

Hà Nội, tháng 1 năm 2009

FUEL’S QUALITY & FURURE SUGGESTED STAGES FOR FUEL’S QUALITY IN VIETNAM

THE CONTENTS

1.Petroleum fuel consumption in Vietnam in 2008.2.Survey of fuel quality in Vietnam.3. The parameters determining octane number4. Survey of vehicles & octane number

requirement for the vehicles in Vietnam.5.Fuel quality of some Asian & Middle East

countries in comparison with fuels in Vietnam.6. Suggestions for fuel quality in Vietnam

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

402060PYGEMACO 1227000270Vinapco11

23000230Hiep Phuoc101016090260Thanh Le9

50555110PMTVinalines81020480230740VAXUCO72030500100650Dong Thap Petro Trading61020230100360Me Kong Petroleum JV 57.540170501633PV Oil440205604401060Sai Gon Petro3301907705001490Petec2

1301480386027308200Petrolimex Corporation1

2702582,0806,8254,26515,063Total

ZetA1KOFODOGasolineTotalName of CompanyNo

1000m3/ TonTHE IMPORTED QUOTA IN 2008 FOR ALL PETROLEUM FUELS

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED QUOTA IN 2008 FOR ALL PETROLEUM FUELS

Petrolimex8200

54.4%

Dong Thap Petro6504.3%

Petec14909.9%

Sai Gon Petro10607.0%

PV Oil1633

10.8%

MeKong Petro360

2.4%

Hiep Phuoc2301.5%

Thanh Le260

1.7%

PMTVinalines1100.7%

VAXUCO740

4.9%

PYGemaco60

0.4%

Vinapco2701.8%

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED QUOTA IN 2008 FOR GASOLINE

Petrolimex2730

64.0%

DongThapPetro100

2.3%

Petec500

11.7%

Sai GonPetro440

10.3%

PV Oil50

1.2%

MeKongPetro100

2.3%

Hiep Phuoc0

0.0%

Thanh le90

2.1%

PMTVinalines5

0.1%

VAXUCO230

5.4%

PYGemaco20

0.5%Vinapco

0

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED QUOTA IN 2008 FOR DIESEL

Petrolimex3860

56.6%

DongThapPetro500

7.3%

Petec770

11.3%

SaiGon Petro560

8.2%

PV Oil170

2.5%

MeKongPetro230

3.4%

Vinapco0

0.0%

Thanh le160

2.3%

PMTVinalines55

0.8%

VAXUCO480

7.0%

PYGemaco40

0.6%

Hiep Phuoc0

0.0%

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED FUELS IN 2008

275275Vinapco11256256Hiep Phuoc10

166120286Thanh Le91006314177PMT Vinalines852490266808VAXUCO7

910446139605Dong Thap Petro Trading648240100352Me Kong Petroleum JV 5

149112835521940PV Oil42312466431932Sai Gon Petro3242117084821425Petec2711003344027137228Petrolimex1

2751451,7437,3024,81714,284TotalZet A1KOFODOGasolineTotalName of CompanyNo

Unit: 1000 ton for FO; 1000m3 for others

Petrolimex7228

50.6%

Dong ThapPetro605

4.2%

Petec1425

10.0%

Sai Gonpetro9326.5%

PV Oil1940

13.6% MekongPetro352

2.5%

Hiep Phuoc2561.8%

Thanh Le286

2.0%

PMT Vinalines177

1.2%

VAXUCO808

5.7%

Vinapco2751.9%

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED FUELS IN 2008

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

Vinapco0

0.0%

VAXUCO266

5.5%

PMT Vinalines14

0.3%

Thanh Le120

2.5%

Hiep Phuoc0

0.0%

MeKongPetro100

2.1%

PV Oil552

11.5%

SaiGonpetro431

8.9%

Petec482

10.0%

DongThapPetro139

2.9%

Petrolimex2713

56.3%

THE IMPORTED GASOLINE IN 2008

PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM

THE IMPORTED DIESEL IN 2008

Petrolimex3440

47.1%

Dong ThapPetro4466.1%

Petec708

9.7%

SaiGonPetro466

6.4%

PV Oil1283

17.6%

MeKongPetro240

3.3%

Hiep Phuoc0

0.0%

Thanh Le166

2.3%

PMT Vinalines63

0.9%

VAXUCO490

6.7%

Vinapco0

0.0%

SURVEY OF FUEL QUALITY IN VIETNAM

ASTM D525480Induction period, minutes, min6

ASTM D3815Existent gum, mg/100ml, max5

ASTM D1301Copper corrosion @50oC/3hrs, max4

2- residual, %vol, max

215- FBP, oC, max

190- 90% vol, oC, max

120- 50% vol, oC, max

70-10% vol, oC, max

Report- IBP, oC

ASTM D86

Distillation3

ASTM D32370.013Lead content, g/l, max2

ASTM 2700848179- MON (**)

ASTM 2699959290- RON (*)

Octane number, min1

959290Test Method

Unleaded GasolineProperty

Gasoline specifications TCVN 6776: 2005

SURVEY OF FUEL QUALITY IN VIETNAM

Gasoline specifications TCVN 6776: 2005 ( continued)

ASTM D4815No additionAcetone16

ASTM D4176Clear, no impuritiesAppearance15

ASTM D38315Metal content (Fe, Mn), mg/l, max14

ASTM D1298

ASTM D4052ReportDensity@15oC, kg/m313

ASTM D48152.7Oxygen content, % wt, max12

ASTM D131938Olefin, % vol, max11

ASTM D131940Aromatics, % vol, max10

ASTM D3606

ASTM D44202.5Benzene, %vol, max9

ASTM D4953

ASTM D519143-75RVP @37.8oC, KPA8

ASTM D2622

ASTM D 5453500Sulfur content, mg/kg, max7

DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS TCVN 5689:2005

SURVEY OF FUEL QUALITY IN VIETNAM

ASTM D4820.01Ash, Wt PCT, max8ASTM D4530ASTM D189

0.15CCR on 10% distillation Residue , Wt PCT, max6

ASTM D4452-4.5Viscosity at 40 DEG C, cSt5

ASTM D93

ASTM D382855Flash Point, DEC C, min4

360-90% Vol,MaxASTM D86

Distillation,oC3

ASTM D473746Cetane Index, min2ASTM D 5453ASTM D2622

2500500Sulphur Content, mg/kg, max1

Test MethodsPropertyNo

SURVEY OF FUEL QUALITY IN VIETNAM

DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS TCVN 5689:2005 ( continued)

More Imported specs for Petrolimex

ASTM.D4730.05Sediment by Extraction18

ASTM.D9740.25Total Acid Number % Mass17

ASTM.D974NilStrong Acid Number Mg KOH/G16

ASTM.D15002Colour ASTM,Max15

ASTM D 4176Clean, clearAppreance14

ASTM D 6079460Lubricity, µm, max13

ASTM D1298

ASTM D 4052820-860Density at 15 DEG C, kg/m312

ASTM D 1301Copper Strip Corrosion at 50 DEG C, 3hrs, max11

ASTM D 227610Particulate Contaminant, mg/l, max10

ASTM E 203200Water, mg/kg, max9

• 1. Compression ratio• 2. Air- fuel ratio• 3. Ignition timing• 4. Effect of temparature & load• 5. Engine speed• 6.Engine deposit, air temperature, altitude, humidity• 7.Engine management systems

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

1. EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO

For a typical carburetted engine without engine management.

Compression Octane Number Brake Thermal Efficiency Ratio Requirement ( Full Throttle )5:1 72 -6:1 81 25 %7:1 87 28 %8:1 92 30 %9:1 96 32 %10:1 100 33 %11:1 104 34 %12:1 108 35 %

2.EFFECT OF CHANGING AIR- FUEL RATIO

- Traditionally, the greatest tendency to knock was near 13.5:1 air-fuel ratio for engine specific.

- Modern engines, with engine management systems, now have their maximum octane requirement near to 14.5:1

- maximum power occurs around air-fuel 12-13:1 (Rich), maximum thermal efficiency occurs around air-fuel 16-18:1 (Lean)

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

3. EFFECT OF CHANGING THE IGNITION TIMING

• The tendency to knock increases as spark advance is increased.

• For an engine with recommended 6 degrees BTDC ( Before Top Dead Centre ) timing and 93 octane fuel, retarding the spark 4 degrees lowers the octane requirement to 91, whereas advancing it 8 degrees requires 96 octane fuel

- Basic Ignition Timing• Vehicle Retarded 5 degrees Standard Advanced 5 degrees• A 88 91 93• B 86 90.5 94.5• C 85.5 88 90• D 84 87.5 91• E 82.5 87 90

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

4. EFFECT OF TEMPATURE &LOAD

• Increasing the engine temperature, particularly the air-fuel charge temperature, increases the tendency to knock.

• Knock increases as load increases

5. EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED

Faster engine speed reduces the tendency to knock

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

6. EFFECT OF ENGINE DEPOSITS, AIR TEMPERATURE, ALTITUDE, HUMIDITY.

• A new engine may only require a fuel of 6-9 octane numbers lower than the same engine after 25,000 km. The deposits produce the ORI by several mechanisms:- They reduce the combustion chamber volume, effectively

increasing the compression ratio. - They also reduce thermal conductivity, thus increasing the

combustion chamber temperatures. - They catalyse undesirable pre-flame reactions that produce end

gases with low autoignition temperatures. • An increase in ambient air temperature of 5.6C increases the octane

requirement of an engine by 0.44 - 0.54 MON• Octane number requirement decreased by 1.0 - 1.9 RON/300m.

• An increase of absolute humidity of 1.0 g water/kg of dry air lowers the octane requirement of an engine by 0.25 - 0.32 MON.

PARAMETERS DETERMINING OCTANE NUMBER

7. EFFECT OF ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• Engine management systems are now an important part of the strategy to reduce automotive pollution.

• A modern engine management system can compensate for altitude, ambient air temperature, and fuel octane. The management system will also control cold start settings, and other operational parameters.

• a new requirement that the engine management system also contain an on-board diagnostic function that warns of malfunctions such as engine misfire, exhaust catalyst failure, and evaporative emissions failure.

• The use of fuel of too low octane can actually result in both a loss of fuel economy and power, as the management system may have to move the engine settings to a less efficient part of theperformance map. The system retards the ignition timing until only trace knock is detected.

SURVEY OF VEHICLES IN VIETNAM

NOTE: THE NUMBER REGISTRATED MOTOBIKES INCREASE RAPIDLY

3.26mil2.55mil2.1 milQUANTITY2200720062005YEAR1

QUANTITY OF REGISTRATED MOTOBIKES IN RECENT YEARS

1milAUTOMOBILE35 mil23milMOTOBIKE

24 milTOTALQUANTITY2

20152008YEAR1

QUANTITY OF REGISTRATED VEHICLES

THE OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT OF VEHICLES IN VIETNAM

Super dream DeluxeFutureWave RSVWave 1Wave ZXWave alfaWave SWave RSXWave RS

9:1

Super dream Future IIFuture neo F1

≥ 92

9,3:1Future neo

9,5:0Spacy 125cc

11:1Click ≥ 9511:1Air blade

Honda

ONCompression ratioName Manufacturer

THE OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT OF VEHICLES IN VIETNAM

Mio Ultimo

Mio Maximo

Mio Classico

Nouvo 110 RC

≥ 928,8:1

Nouvo 110 limited

Exciter GP≥ 9511:1

Exciter RC

Jupiter gravita limited

Jupiter gravita RC

Jupiter gravita

Jupiter MX

Sirius R limited

Sirius R

≥ 929,3:1

Sirius

Yamaha

ONcompression ratioName Manufacturer

THE OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT OF VEHICLES IN VIETNAM

9,6:1Hayate9,5:1Smash Revo ≥ 959,6:1X-bike 125

Suzuki

(12 - 13):1Granturismo 125

(12 - 13):1Vespa GTS

(10,6 + - 0,5):1Vespa LXL

(10,1 - 11,1):1Vespa LX

≥ 95

(12-12,5):1Piaggio Carnaby

Piaggio

9,1:1EZ 110≥ 92

9,0:1Elegant

9,6:1Enjoy

10,1:1Attila Victoria

10,1:1Attila Elizabeth≥ 95

9,7:1Excel II

SYM

ONCompression ratioName Manufacturer

GASOLINE QUALITY IN SOME ASIAN &MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

40353630 OR 274050-AROMATIC

S(%V)

5--NIL--METALS

(mg/l)

2.53.5115155-BENZENE

(%V)

38-1818 OR 21<20OLEFINE (%V)

500500505050050/10(2007)500SULFUR

(mg/kg)

480360320240INDUCTION

PERIOD

Jan-05Jan-06Jan-07Jan-062005Jan-05Mar-06TCVN 6776:2005CNS12614MS 118JIS K2202

9592909591989592949197929689959188VIETNAMTHAILANDTAIWANSOUTH KOREAMALAYSIAJAPANINDONESIA

GASOLINE QUALITY IN SOME ASIAN &MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

3542 OR 354045AROMATICS(%V)

METALS(mg/l)

3112.551BENZENE (%V)

1818 OR 253518OLEFINE (%V)

500501505001000150SULFUR(mg/kg)

480INDUCTION PERIOD

Apr-05Jan-05Jul-05Dec-06Oct-01Jan-06BHARAT IIDB 11/238:2004GB 17930:2006

INDUSTRY LIMITS

938895979390979390979285969591

INDIA H

KONGBEIJINGCHINABRUNEIAUSTRALIA

SPECS

DIEZEL QUALITY IN SOME ASIAN &MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

nomentioned2.0-5.0T95- 370max820-870482000ADOKuwait

4602.0-4.5T90-360 max820-860462500/50

0TCVN

5689:2005Viªtnam

nomentionedT90-370 max820-86046/493000/500Jan-04Srilanka

4601.8-4.1T90-357max810-87047/47350Oct-07Thailand

4601.9-4.1T90-338maxReport/4850Jan-05Taiwan

4601.5-5.5T85- 360 max815-84545/4530Jan-06Korea

4602.0-4.5T90-370 max860max48/48500PNS 04:2003

Jan-04Philipine

s

nomentioned1.5-5.8T90-370 maxReport45/473000

MS 123Jun-05

Malaysia

nomentioned2.7 minT90-360 max860max45/4510

JIS K 2204Jan-05

Japan

/4602.0-5.0/2.0-

4.5

T95-370max/360max

815-870/820-86048-45/51-48

3.500/500Mar-06Indonesia

LubricityViscosityDistilationDensityCetane

IndexSulphurEffect in

DIEZEL QUALITY IN SOME ASIAN &MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

460T95-max 370820-86046/51350Bharat I 4/1/2005India

4603.0-8.0T95-355max820-84546/51350DB11/239:2004Beijing

4603.0-8.0T95- 355 max820-86046/49500GB/T19147:2003Nonmandatory

No mentioned3.0-8.0T95-365 maxReport/452000GB 252:2000China

No mentioned1.6-4.8T85- 350 max870max1000Oct-01Brunei

4602.0-4.5T 95- 360 max820-85046/50Jan-06Australia

LubricityViscosityDistilationDensityCetane

IndexSulphurEffect In

SUGGESTION

Basing on fuel quality of above Asian & Middle East countries & octane number requirement of vehicles in Vietnam, the suggestions are following:

1. To loose the limits of some specs of gasoline & DO in VietnameseStandards 2005

1.1. For gasoline :

240480Induction period, minutes, min

1

SuggestionTCVN 6776: 2005SpecificationsNo

SUGGESTION

1.2. For diesel oil

0,05 % Vol200Water, mg/kg, max6

Report10Particulate Contaminant, mg/l, max5

Report460Lubricity, µm, max4

810 – 870820 – 860Density at 15 DEG C, kg/m33

1,5 – 5,82 – 4,5Viscosity at 40 DEG C, cSt2

370360Distillation at 90% vol, oC, max

1

SuggestionTCVN 5689: 2005SpecificationsNo

SUGGESTION

2. More testing methods are applied in the standards: 2.1. For gasoline :

ASTM D323TCVN 7023:2002 (ASTM D4953)/ D5191

RVP @37.8oC6

ASTM D6296TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM D1319)Olefine content5

Reject D4420

ASTM D5580/ D6293,

TCVN 6703:2000 (ASTM D3606)/ D4420

Benzene content4

ASTM D5580TCVN 7330:2003 (ASTM D1319)Aromatic content3

ASTM D4294, D3120

TCVN 6701:2000 (ASTM D2622)/ D5453

Sulfur content2

ASTM D5059TCVN 7143:2002 (ASTM D3237)Lead content1

Added MethodsTCVN 6776: 2005

Test MethodsSpecificationsNo

SUGGESTION

2.2. For diesel oil :

ASTM D4294TCVN 6701:2000 (ASTM D2622)/ D5453

Sulfur content4

ASTM D5950TCVN 3753:1995/ ASTM D97Pour Point3

ASTM D6217ASTM D2276Particulate Contaminant2

ASTM D6304/ D95TCVN E203Water1

Added MethodsTCVN 5689: 2005

Test MethodsSpecificationsNo

SUGGESTION

3. Future steps for fuel quality in Vietnam :

3.1. Phasing out RON 83 gasoline now.

3.2. Using only one grade diesel oil 500 ppm sulphur up to now.

3.3. Implementing EURO 3 in 2012.

3.4. In 2012 upgrading Gasoline with RON 90, 92,95 to RON 92, 95,97.