Post on 17-Feb-2016
description
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Fruit and Nut Varieties
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Fruit and Nut CultivarsCultivar ChoicePome Fruits
Apples, pears, quinceNut Crops
Almonds, walnuts, pistachios, filberts, pecansStone Fruit
Peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, cherriesSmall Fruit
Grapes, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
How do you choose the right cultivar/variety?Adaptation
Climate Disease resistance Yield
Tree characteristics Management ease Growth habit Pollination requirements
Fruit qualities Ripening time Processing vs. fresh Local vs. distant markets Size Appearance - color, shape Internal qualities
• Flavor, texture• Handling ease• Storage
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Pome or Pip Fruits
Apples Malus x domestica Cultivated species
Pears European, Common,
Occidental• Pyrus communis
Asian, Apple, Oriental
• Pyrus pyrifolia Hybrids
• communis x pyrifolia
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Apples are best adapted to COOL ClimatesCold hardyHigh chillLate bloomingHigher humidity and
disease problems Apple scab Powdery mildew Fire blight
Cool climates Better red color Cooler nights, more
elongate shape Less russeting Less fruit drop Better yields
• WA 2000 bu/ac• NE 500-1500 bu/ac
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Red Delicious40% production250 strains
Fresh and processedStores well (6 mo.)
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Golden Delicious15% of productionYellow w/ Red Delicious
shape
Fresh and processedStores well (6 mo.)Very productive
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Other Apple CultivarsMcIntosh (5% in East)
Earlier ripening (130 vs 150) Stores well (4-5 mo.)
Other McIntosh types: Empire Idared Spur types
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Other Apple CultivarsGranny Smith (7%)
Green, tart 180 days to mature
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Other Apple Cultivars Rome Beauty (7%),
Jonathon, Idared, Empire Gala, Fuji, Pink Lady ... Low chill varieties
Fuji
GalaRome
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Commercial Apple ProductionCommercial Apple Production10% of world production 40-50% used for processing
Northeast - 25% Around Great Lakes 140-160 day season McIntosh, Red Delicious
Central Atlantic - 10% In mountains 165 days but warmer Red/Golden Delicious, York
West - 60% Best yields Cool, dry, no frosts Red/Golden Delicious
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
World production of apples 41 million metric tons/yr (mid-1980s):
1. USSR2. China3. US
The leading apple-producing countries in Europe are:
France Germany Italy
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Apple Production in TexasApple Production in Texas
Challenges faced Too hot for good color
development High humidity leads to
disease Chilling problems in south:
low chill types Calcareous soil and cotton
root rot Competition
Can they be grown? Yes but risky W and NW San Antonio NE Texas
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Classes of Pears - PyrusClasses of Pears - Pyruscommunis and pyrifolia
European or Common 95% USA, 80% world Persistent calyx, melting flesh Pyriform
Asian or Oriental 80% China/Japan 20% world Crisp, juicy, and sweet Globose to pyriform
Hybrid types Fireblight resistance
Quality and Picking European pears
• Best if pick hard mature, cold stored, and ripened at RT
Asian pears• Best if picked ripe
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Adaptability of PearsAdaptability of Pears Compared to apple
Less hardy Lower chilling
• European, 900 to 1000• Asian, 600 to 800
Earlier bloom More heat tolerant Tolerates poorer soil
Fireblight major limitation in humid regions
PP
PPP
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
European Pear CultivarsEuropean Pear Cultivars95% USA, 80% World production
Bartlett (Williams, 1770) 75% USA production 125 days to ripen Very productive Stores 70-85 days Fresh and processed Parthenocarpic in
Northern California Trends: red sports
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
European Pear Cultivars: Winter PearsEuropean Pear Cultivars: Winter Pears Bosc
• 4% USA production• 160 days to ripen• Stores 100 days• Russetted fruit• Fresh and canning
Comice
Anjou• 16% USA production• 155 days to ripen• Moderate production• Stores 180 days• Fresh use
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Asian Pear CultivarsAsian Pear Cultivars20% world production
*20th Century or Nijisseiki
Round Yellow-green skin White flesh Ripens with Bartlett Store for 4 months Susceptible to fireblight
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Asian Pears
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Hybrid Pear CultivarsHybrid Pear Cultivars2% of USA production
Adapted to Texas and other humid production areas
Kieffer Hardy, MR to fireblight Productive Stores 90-120 days Ripens 6 weeks after Bartlett Processing only
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Hybrid Pear CultivarsHybrid Pear Cultivars2% of USA production
Other cultivars Maxine, Moonglow Ayers, Orient, Garber Flordahome (low chill)
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Quince
Originated in western AsiaStill cultivated there as well as the
Mediterranean area and southern EuropeWhen cooked the juice and pulp have a
pink color. The fruit size varies according to the
variety, but averages are 0.5-1.5 lb.
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
QuinceReported to grow in all the 48 lower states, it
grows into a small tree, usually less than 25 feet and can be trained to a spreading form.
Self-fertile so only one variety is needed for fruiting.
There are many named varieties. It is highly susceptible to fire blight and quince
rust.
HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production
Any Questions?