Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Treesfruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/files/162477.pdf · Mineral...

3/1/2013

Johnson - Nutrition 1

Mineral Nutrition of

Fruit & Nut Trees

R. Scott Johnson

Extension Pomologist

UC Kearney Ag Center

Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition

1. Basic Principles

2. Sampling for Nutrients

3. Environmental Issues

4. BMPs

5. Individual Nutrients

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Essential Nutrients

Photosynthesis

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Macro Nutrients

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfur

Micro Nutrients

Zinc

Iron

Boron

Manganese

Copper

Chlorine

Nickel

Molybdenum

Average concentrations of mineral nutrients in plant shoot dry matter.

Element ppm % Relative number of atoms

Molybdenum 0.1 - - - 1

Nickel ~0.1 - - - 1

Copper 6 - - - 100

Zinc 20 - - - 300

Manganese 50 - - - 1 000

Iron 100 - - - 2 000

Boron 20 - - - 2 000

Chlorine 100 - - - 3 000

Sulfur - - - 0.1 30 000

Phosphorus - - - 0.2 60 000

Magnesium - - - 0.2 80 000

Calcium - - - 0.5 125 000

Potassium - - - 1.0 250 000

Nitrogen - - - 1.5 1 000 000

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Nutrient MobilityPhloem mobility, Marschner 1997

Mobile

Sodium

Potassium

Phosphorus

Chlorine

Sulfur

Nitrogen

Magnesium

Partially Mobile

Zinc

Copper

Boron

Iron

Molybdenum

Immobile

Calcium

Manganese

Boron Mobility

Mobile

Apple

Peach

Plum

Cherry

Olive

Immobile

Walnut

Pistachio

Most other plants

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aa

bb

CarbonCarbon

OxygenOxygen

BoronBoron

HydrogenHydrogen

Role of Zinc in Plants

Has a role in 80 processes• Auxin synthesis

• Cell division

• Protein synthesis

• Zinc fingers

DNA replication & transcription

• Not involved in photosynthesis

Schematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in CropsSchematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in Crops

ZINC DEFICIENT

CROPreduced yield

impaired quality

ZINC DEFICIENT

CROPreduced yield

impaired quality

Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)

Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)

High salt concentrations

(salinity)

High salt concentrations

(salinity)

Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)

Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)

High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,

heavily limed soils)

High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,

heavily limed soils)

High phosphate applications

High phosphate applications

Zinc inefficientcrop varieties

Zinc inefficientcrop varieties

High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)

High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)

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1. Basic Principles



4. BMPs


pH Effects on Nutrient AvailabilitypH Effects on Nutrient Availability

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Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit

NPKCaMgClS

FeMnZnBCuMo

%2.3-

1.0-

0.25--

60201518--

%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0

Over 0.25--

Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4

-

%-----

0.3-

---

100--

%--

1.0-

0.25--

-2018254-

%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25

--

-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4

-

%-----

0.3-

---

80--

Deficient below

Optimum range

Toxic over

Deficient below

Optimum range

Toxic over

PEACHES AND NECTARINES

Level in leaves

PLUMS

p p m

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NPKCaMgClS

FeMnZnBCuMo

%2.3-

1.0-

0.25--

60201518--

%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0

Over 0.25--


-

%-----

0.3-

---

100--

%--

1.0-

0.25--

-2018254-

%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25

--


-

%-----

0.3-

---

80--

Deficient below

Optimum range

Toxic over

Deficient below

Optimum range

Toxic over


Level in leaves

PLUMS

p p m

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1. Basic Principles



4. BMPs


Orchard Nutrition

Main environmental issue:

Nitrate N escaping into water systems

&

Gaseous N escaping into the

atmosphere

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Nitrogen Fertilization in the San Joaquin Valley

(#N/ac or KgN/ha)

Crop

AlmondsPistachiosPeachesGrapes

20-30 yrs ago

250-300+250150

50-100

Now

200-250150-175

0-7530-60


1. Basic Principles



4. BMPs


Nitrogen (N)

Found in amino acids, proteins, enzymes,

nucleic acids (DNA), chlorophyll etc.

N can easily be lost from the orchard by

leaching of nitrate and from

denitrification or volatilization

50% recycled in senescing leaves

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Nitrogen Deficiency

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Foliar Urea

• Apply 25 to 50 lbs/acre

• Apply before leaf senescence (Oct)

• OK to apply with zinc sulfate

• Doesn’t need to be low biuret

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Nitrogen Management

Low N

High N

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Occurrence of Nutrient Deficiencies in California

• Common– Nitrogen

– Zinc

– Iron

• Occasional– Potassium

– Magnesium

– Manganese

• Rare– Phosphorus

– Boron

– Copper

• Unknown– Calcium

– Sulfur

– Molybdenum

Zinc Deficiency“Little Leaf” Disorder

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Zinc Deficiency in Plums

Zinc Deficiency in Plums

February 22, 2005

Zn Deficient

Zn Sufficient

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Peach Rootstocks and Zn UptakeDecember 2006 Shoot Zn

ShootZn

(ppm)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nemaguard Controller 5 Controller 9 Hiawatha

c

b

c

a

Comparing Zinc Formulations

Ranking Formulation Anion SizeSolubility(g/100 H2O) Phytotoxicity

Most Effective Zinc Chloride 35 432 High (58*)

Almost As GoodZinc Nitrate 62 324 High (54)

Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & 96 324 High (59)

Next Best

Zinc Sulfate 96 50 Moderate (12)

Zinc Carbohydrate 96 & ? High Moderate

Zinc Polyamine 96 & 75-204 High Moderate

Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15)

Less Effective

Zinc EDTA 292 High Low

Zinc Leonardite 1000+ High Low

Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & 96 1.3 None

Least Effective

Zinc Phosphite 79 ? Low (17)

Zinc Oxide Suspension

16 Insoluble None

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Orchard Survey - Zinc

02

468

10

1214

161820

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 More

July Leaf Zn (ppm)

Num

ber

of O

rcha

rds

Zinc in Dormant Shoots (ppm)Deficient Sufficient High

6.4 13.7 26.5

8.1 21.6 50.0

10.1 35.6 74.5

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Orchard Survey - Zinc

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

January Shoot Zn (ppm)

Nu

mb

er o

f O

rch

ard

s

Zinc Fertilization

• Apply if symptoms appear or leaf Zn < 10 to 12 ppm or Sept shoot Zn < 20 ppm

• If needed in mature trees –spray 4 to 8 lbs/acre of zinc sulfate (36% Zn) in early fall – can be applied with urea

Calcium in Fruit Trees

• Exists as a Ca++ cation in the soil

• Very plentiful in most soils

• Component of cell walls

• Many cell breakdown disorders caused by Ca deficiency – bitter pit in apples

• Very immobile in plants – high levels in leaves but low levels in fruit

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Foliar Calcium Formulations

Flavorcrest PeachFruit Calcium at Harvest

0

100

200

300

400

500

Nemaguard K119-50 P30-135

Rootstock

Fru

it C

a (

pp

m)

b

a a

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Calcium (Ca)

• Ca deficiency will not occur until leaf levels are 1.0% Ca or lower in mid summer leaves

• Deficiency not found in the field

• Foliar sprays show no benefit

Iron Chlorosis

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Iron Chlorosis

• Usually caused by high pH soils

• Major problem in some countries

• Iron deficiency can:– Reduce fruit size

– Reduce yield

• Add soil sulfur or sulfuric acid to portion of root zone to decrease pH

• Rootstocks make a big difference

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Boron

Boron in Fruit Trees

• Micronutrient – only need 30 ppm

• Sometimes deficient in fruit trees

• Plays a major role in fruit set

• Immobile in most plants

• Mobile in some fruit trees – those that use sorbitol as a transport sugar

Boron (B)

• No leaf symptoms or fruit disorders in sand tanks

• Differences in fruit size and fruit set due to B

• Easy to correct using solubor

• Timing more critical in B immobile plants

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Orchard Survey - Boron

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

July Leaf B (ppm)

Num

ber

of O

rcha

rds

Potassium (K)

Very mobile in plants, important in

stomatal guard cell opening, cell turgor,

translocation of sugars, activation of

enzymes, disease resistance etc.

Potassium

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Orchard Survey - Potassium

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

July Leaf K (%)

Num

ber

of O

rcha

rds

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Potassium in Fruit Trees

• Very mobile in plants

• Occasionally deficient in the field

• Easy to correct with potassium sulfate

Extreme Phosphorus Deficiency

Peach Skin Cracking

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Nectarine Skin Cracking

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Orchard Survey - Phosphorus

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3

July Leaf P (%)

Num

ber

of O

rcha

rds

Phosphorus (P)

Found in nucleic acids (DNA),

energy molecules (ATP) and membranes

P is not as easily lost from the orchard

as N

50% recycled in senescing leaves

Manganese Deficiency

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Orchard Survey - Manganese

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 More

July Leaf Mn (ppm)

Num

be

r of

Orc

hard

s

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