Hei mei, zarzamora, mora, kupina,!

Blackberry Production from a World Perspective

Chad Finn; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR

Characteristics of main blackberry production areas we might be competing with!

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous

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Production of blackberries in the U.S. in 2005, by state. (Strik et al.)

State Area

(acres) % Change 1995–2005

Production (tons)

Oregon 7,754 25 25,185 California 699 100 2,600 Texas 680 20 800 Arkansas 600 60 1,543 Georgia 314 300 661 Washington 237 100 400 Virginia 200 — 331 Ohio 175 350 175 North Carolina 151 50 716 Kentucky 111 30 309 Pennsylvania 111 70 120 Illinois 99 –25 110 Missouri 99 0 340 New York 99 –50 154 Total US 11,906 34 35,097

Thanks to:

Chile- Pilar Banados, Enrique Acevedo

China- Zhang Qinghua, Sing Lui, F. Dong

Mexico- Jose Lopez Medina, Mark Hurst

Serbia- Mihailo Nikolic, Brankica Tanovic, Miloljub Stanisavljevic

United States-

Southeast : Josh Bream, Gina Fernandez, Yongjian Chang

California: Gavin Sills, Ellen Thompson

Caution!!! Did the best I could but!.

Chad: Yield per acre?

Response: 6,000 - 8,000 ton per hectare

Assuming 1 metric ton (=1,000 kg)

Then = 5.4 million pounds/acre????

China

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous

Map from Worldpress.com

Acreage and production areas

In 2010- 8,000 acres In 2009- 3,300/5,000 acres removed in Nanjing

China

Acreage

Reason for removal of acreage: illegal use of pesticides that made the crop unsalable

Photos: Qinghua Zhang

China

Most important cultivars

<2005 Hull Thornless, Chester Thornless

!Hull" well adapted and high yielding but #fruit not so good$ and #fruit tastes not so good and character for processing was disappointing and products not welcomed on international markets$

China

Most important cultivars

<2005 Hull Thornless, Chester Thornless

>2005 Shawnee, Triple Crown, Arapaho

Shawnee, Triple Crown, Arapaho- #good characteristics for processing and resistant to pests and diseases$

China

Typical yield

Typical Yield High Yield What they say: 9 metric tons/acre 18 metric tons/acre

Which would be: 19,800 pounds/acre 39,600 pounds/acre

What I am guessing they mean:

9 metric tons/hectare 18 metric tons/hectare

Which is: 4 tons/acre 8 tons/acre

China

Percent of crop to processing

95%

Price

Fresh: 20 yuan RMB/kg= $1.36/lb

Percent exported

#In 2009-2010, 8000 metric tons exported$

= 17.6 million pounds

Qinghua Zhang

China

Photos: Qinghua Zhang

China

Photos: Qinghua Zhang

Chile

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous

Acreage and production areas

Maps from Electionworld

1 ha=2.47 A 1,243 ha= 3,072 A

2007

Chile

Acreage

#dramatic decline in acreage due to low price of frozen blackberry and due to the high prices of raspberry. This season there are very few grower that kept the blackberry and almost no fruit in the market. My best guess it that surface area is less than half of the official numbers .$

Chile

Acreage

Mostly small growers <2.5 acres

Photos: P. Banados

Chile Production-Trends (based on exports)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Frozen exports from Chile, 1981-2009 (tons)

Blackberry (Mora)- Wild & cultivated

Boysenberry

Source: Chilealimentos

Chile

•!Bygone scenes!!!

Chile

Most important cultivars:

Wild- About 50% of what is sold as frozen

Cherokee

Black Satin

Chester Thornless

Navaho

Boysen

Marion

Semi-erect; photo P. Banados

Chile

Typical yield-

Depends on price. If good pick all!

6.68 tons/acre

High yield

9.80 tons/acre for Black Satin and Cherokee; less for Boysen and Marion

Chile

Percent of crop to processing

99%

1% internal fresh consumption

Percent exported

99%

#No fresh export in last 3-5 years due to Mexico$

Chile

Price 2009, Chilealimentos

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Chile

Wild!!

Mexico

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous

Major production areas Michoacán 12,350-19,274 A Jalisco 332-2,470 Colima 143- 1,235 Estimates total: 16,055-29,640 A; 20,085 official

Mexico

Most important cultivars

80-90% Tupy

5-15% Brazos

5% Sleeping Beauty (Driscolls) and others

Mexico Typical yield

•! Sold in boxes... Typically 12, 6oz clamshells in a 4.5 lb box

•! 4,000-6,000 boxes/hectare ~ 5 tons/acre

•! Can fruit a second time! probably average 1.25 crops/year, 2nd crop is lower yield and lower average.

High yield

•! 10 tons/acre

Mean yield over entire country-

•! 7.75 tons/acre

Mexico

Percent of crop to processing

10-20%

Percent exported

95%

75% US and Canada

20% Europe

5% Other

Mexico Price

-! Average price 2009 (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera) $ 0.20/lb

Estimates from colleagues:

-! Fresh ranges from 0.45-3.18/lb; mean $0.90-1.13/lb

-! Processing $ 0.07-0.11/lb

-! “Best way to look at fresh price. Price companies offer for season. (only for best growers)” $1.26-1.63 /lb

-! Price low points in December and May- $0.63/lb

-! Growers break even at $0.50/lb

Mexico

•! Mostly Tupy but looking at new Arkansas selections

•! Use defoliants & growth regulators to bring into flowering.

•! Can bring into fruiting at almost any time but often manage for 3 primary crops

•! Open field production •! Frost free production areas"

Following slides were put together by Dr. Jose Lopez Medina

Basic manipulation practices for Blackberry

!! Mow down (and burning) of canes

!! Advancement of floral initiation/differentiation

!! Cane #seasoning$

!! Hedge trimming

!! Defoliation

!! Use of growth-promoting substances

Mow down & burning of blackberry canes

Floral initiation-differentiation of blackberry

!! Four to seven months after cane emergence, depending

on variety

“Seasoning” of Canes

!! Two or three weekly applications of the following

mix:

"! Copper sulfate pentahydrate: 1%

"! Urea: 1%

"! Mineral oil: 1%

Hedge trimming

Defoliation

Tank mix (in 200 L water):

"!Urea: 10 Kg

"!Ammonium sulfate: 40 Kg

"!Copper sulfate pentahydrate: 4 Kg

"!Mineral oil: 2 L

Bud Break Stimulation

Tank mix (in 200 L water):

"!Gibberellic acid: 5 - 10 g

"!Revent® (20% TDZ) a cytokinin: 30 - 50 ml

"!Mineral oil: 1 L

10 Oct.

Choctaw Brazos

Defoliation: 20 July

Choice of a second crop

!! Cane clipping (removal of portion of canes that

bore the first crop)

!! Don"t need defoliation

!! Use of growth-promoting substances

Choice of a third crop

!! Cane trimming - removal of fruiting shoots that

bore a crop

!! Don"t need defoliation

!! Use of growth-promoting substances

Serbia

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

Serbia Main Production areas: Central Serbia Ma"va Morava River Basin Pocerina Acreage: 11,00-12,500

Source: WWW-VL European History

Serbia

Acreage

About the same as 2005

•! High price in 2007

•! Lots of planting in 2008

•! #after that time in 2008 and 2009 export of the frozen fruits was stopped. Large quantities in storage from 2007, 2008, and 2009.$

•! Price dropped, no new plantings. About 20-30% of producers destroyed their plantations

•! In 2010, all frozen stocks exported.

•! Acreage about right.

Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

Serbia

Most important cultivars

50% #a"anska bestrna

35% Thornfree

5% Black Satin

5% Dirksen Thornless

1% Darrow, Loch Ness, Chester Thornless, Triple Crown, Hull

•! Growers prefer !#a"anska bestrna"

•! Processors prefer !Thornfree" due to better color stability after freezing, and medium size fruit

Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

!#a"anska bestrna" color problem

Serbia Typical yield

•! Source 1: 2.67-2.89 tons/acre

•! Source 2:

–!#a"anska bestrna, 6.7 tons/acre

–!Thornfree, 5.3 tons/acre

High yield

•! Source 1: 13.4 tons/acre

•! Source 2:

–!#a"anska bestrna, 11.1 tons/acre

–!Thornfree, 8.9 tons/acre

–!Highest yield for #a"anska bestrna, 20.0 tons/acre

Photo: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

Serbia Percent of crop to processing

95% Processing

<5% Domestic fresh

Percent exported

90% of processed crop exported

Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

Serbia

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

2007 2008 2009 2010

Price to Serbian growers ($/lb)

Source 1

Source 2

Price of exported frozen fruit on European market 2010 $0.40-0.70/lb

Serbia

Photos: M. Nikolic/B. Tanic

United States- California

Acreage

Most important cultivars

Typical yield

High yield

Percent of crop to processing

Price

Percent exported

Miscellaneous

United States- California

Acreage:

•! #no clue$

•! 1,000-1,200 acres?

United States- California Most important cultivars

•! Driscoll proprietary cultivars

•! Ouachita", !Obsidian", !Prime-Ark 45"

•! !Olallie" is still important roadside but has nearly disappeared

•! !Newberry" in small plantings

Newberry; Mark Crosse

United States- California

Typical yield

•! Watsonville 6 tons/acre; good 11 t/a; high 15+ t/a

By cultivar

•! Ouachita 8 tons/acre; high 9 tons/acre

•! Obsidian 3.5 tons/acre

•! Prime-Ark 45 6.5-7.5 tons/acre

United States- California

Percent of crop to processing

1% to juice

Price

Markets fluctuate.

$2.60-4.00/lb fresh market

David Karp

United States- Southeast

Acreage: 400-600

Most important cultivars: Ouachita, Navaho,

Arapaho and Natchez

Typical yield: 2,000 flats/acre

High yield: 3,300 flats/acre

Percent of crop to processing: 15 % (frozen, wine, jams)

Price

Retail $2.50/lb PYO, 4.00/pint

Wholesale 2009 $2.45/lb

2010 $2.25/lb

United States- Southeast

Miscellaneous

Horrible prices in late 2010 season due to Mexican competition in May- June has halted expansion and may lead decreased acreage

Thanks again to:

Chile- Pilar Banados, Enrique Acevedo

China- Zhang Qinghua, Sing Lui, F. Dong

Mexico- Jose Lopez Medina, Mark Hurst

Serbia- Mihailo Nikolic, Brankica Tanovic, Miloljub Stanisavljevic

United States-

Southeast : Josh Bream, Gina Fernandez, Yongjian Chang

California: Gavin Sills, Ellen Thompson

Thanks! Any Questions?