Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing....

Fig.: 6.1

Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

thermic insulated box

hot plate

specimen

cooling plate

thermo-couple

sensor

thicknessmeasuring device

IR sensor+

iris diaphragm

furnace

specimen

signalamplifier

furnacepower supply

experimental result

laser powersupply

printer

software

computer+

data aquisition

Fig.: 6.2

dynamic samplechamber

referencepan

samplepan

gas purge inlet

chromeldisc

heatingblock

alumel wirechromel wire

thermocouple junctionthermoelectric disc (constantan)

constantan wire

chromel wireconstantan body

reference platform

sampleplatform

chromel area detector

thin wall tube

base surface

chromeldisc

Fig.: 6.3

TT Ta g

0.5 cp

Fig.: 6.4

080 120 160 200

T (°C)

copolymer

homopolymer

sample mass : ~ 5 mgheating rate : 10 K minpurge gas : N2

Fig.: 6.5

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

reverse heat flow non-reverse heat flow

T (°C) T (°C)

exothermic:saturatedsegments

endothermic: saturated segmentes,resins, asphalts

endothermic background

Fig.: 6.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (min)

35 d21 d

Fig.: 6.7

T = 190 °Cp = 3.4 MPa

Fig.: 6.8

0 200 400 600 800 T (°C)

polymer

carbon black

ash nitrogen 10 K min air 10 K min-1 -1

Fig.: 6.9

-120 100 200 300 400 500 600

dibutylphthalate

diethylether

T (°C)

C H OH2 5

Fig.: 6.10

-0.010 50 100 150 200 250

T (°C)

radial directiontangential directionthickness direction

Fig.: 6.11

Fig.: 6.12

Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

sample

index matching fluid

measuring prism

Fig.: 6.13

light beam

20 µm

Becke - line

Fig.: 6.14

isoclinic line

isochromatic line

Fig.: 6.15

zero order

Fig.: 6.16

0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0

r (mm)

1.0 filter colorredbluegreenorange

gate edge

Fig.: 6.17

40 mm 20 mm

staticjoint line

Fig.: 6.18

axis ejector pin-points

Fig.: 6.19

50 µm

Fig.: 6.20

150 µm

Fig.: 6.21

20 µm

Fig.: 6.22

10 µm

Fig.: 6.23

directed dispersed diffuse

Fig.: 6.24

light beam

polymer

filler

pigment

Fig.: 6.25

Fig.: 6.26

1 – illumination equipment2 – specimen3 – measuring equipment

0.75 0 100 200 300 400 500

trickled sand (g)

PPPP/EPR copolymerPP + 40 wt.-% talc

Fig.: 6.27

50 µm

Fig.: 6.28

700650

630610

600590

530520

470460

440 380

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7x

Fig.: 6.29

20 µm

Fig.: 6.30

1 – matrix2 – glass-fiber3 – inclusions4 – cavities

50 µm

Fig.: 6.31

20 µm

Fig.: 6.32

globar

fixed mirror

moving mirror

beam splitter

sample

displacement x

detector

spectrum

interferogram

discrete Fouriertransformation

wave number (cm )-1

mirror feed (mm s )-1

Fig.: 6.33

n (cm )-1

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

POMPE-LD

deformationvibration

C O CCH3CH2

C O CH3

Fig.: 6.34

Fig.: 6.35

10 µm

Fig.: 6.36

Fig.: 6.37

Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

PPVPANIPTHPPY

PVC, PA

PTFEPS

-1 (S cm )

’’

Fig.: 6.38

Fig.: 6.39

1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness

101014

300 320 340 360 380

0 400 800 1200

measuring time (s)

181019

Fig.: 6.40

Fig.: 6.41

1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness

AI V R

Fig.: 6.42

’’

00log (/ )p

log ’

p = 2 fp

Fig.: 6.43

200250

300350

200250

300350

electrode polarisation

log ‘‘

log ‘

T (K)T (K) lo

log (f (H

relaxationrelaxation

relaxation

conductivity

Fig.: 6.44

O CH2(

CCH2 O

2.7200 300 400 500

f = 1 kHz

Fig.: 6.45

293.2 K

303.2 K

313.2 K

333.2 K 353.2 K

0.00-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

log (f (Hz))

Fig.: 6.46

log “

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1.8

log (f (Hz))

279.3 K

372.5 K

, , measured dataHN - model function

Fig.: 6.47

2 3 4 5

1000/T (K )-1

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

1000/T (K )-1

measured dataVFT equation

poly(dimethyl siloxane)

PET relaxation,

semicrystalline PET

VFT equationArrhenius equation

relaxation, amorphous PET

relaxation, semicrystalline PET

relaxation, amorphous PET

Fig.: 6.48

10 10 10 10 102 4 6 8 10

carbon black content (wt.-%)0.10.0750.0500.0300.0200.0150.0125

f (Hz)

Fig.: 6.49

10 10 10 10 10 10 101 2 3 4 5 6 7

f (Hz)

Fig.: 6.50

tan = R C

Z*() = R – iC S

Z*() = R – i C R

R CP P

Fig.: 6.51

sample capacitor

specimen

electrometer

computer

Fig.: 6.52

generator SZ*

U*1 U*2

precision capacitor specimen

VSA K2VSA K1

precision capacitor current to voltageconverter

generator

specimen

SZ*I*S

U*1 U*2

VSA K2VSA K1

Fig.: 6.53

precision capacitor

generator

variableamplitudephasegenerator

specimen

detector I* = 00

compensationimpedance Zc

I*S I*C

Fig.: 6.54

specimen ideal

specimen

holder

specimen

holder

signal source bidirectional

coupler

incoming

signal

reflected

signal

V* V*in ref

Fig.: 6.55

010 10 10 10 10 10 100 1 2 3 4 5

polyester (thickness 40 µm)

PS (thickness 80 µm)

f = 50 Hz

Fig.: 6.56

polymersurface

platinum electrode

drop generator

Fig.: 6.57

Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing....

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