PARTICIPATION AND THE MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS

Overview

The history of participation Participation and post-disaster

reconstruction

The history of participation

FROM THE PARTICIPATIONMODES OF THE 1970S TOCOMMUNICATIONSFORMS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

Construction of the concepts Communication

Information Participation Coordination Cooperation

AKTIVEBETROFFENE

PASSIVEÖFFENTLICHKEIT

EXPERTEN

PLANUNGSMANAGEMENT

PROZESSPLANUNGPLANUNGSMARKETING

PROBLEM

Kommunikationzwischen Planern,

Fachleuten und Politikern

Information und MotivationVerhandeln und Erarbeiten

von Lösungen bzw.Interessenausgleich

Strategical planning

Strategical planning

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

The first generation of participatism

The 1960s

Image of planning Critique of functionalism Participative approaches

Case studies Outgoing situation Concept Participative approach Effects Today

A pattern language

Christopher Alexander

“In a society which emphasizes teaching, children and students – and adults – become passive and unable to think or act for themselves. Creative, active individuals can only grow up in a society which emphasizes learning instead of teaching.”

from “(18) Network of learning” in Alexander et al. (1977)

INPUT

X = Condition

variables

THEN

Z = Answer space

IF

goal

practice

THUS

behaviourY = Statement

“Arrange these departments in space, according to the prescription of OFFICE CONNECTIONS (82) and BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGHFARE (101), and make the fronts of the services visible as a FAMILY OF ENTRANCES (102), wherever the services are in any way connected to the practical life of the community, mix them with ad-hoc groups created by the citizens or users NECKLACE OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS (45); arrange the inside space of the department according to FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE (146); and provide rooms, where people can team up in two’s and three’s – SMALL WORK GROUPS (148) .... “

from “(81) Small services without red tape” in Alexander et al. (1977)

“... LOCAL TOWN HALL(44) calls for small centers of local government at the heart of every community. This pattern embellishes the local town hall and other public institutions like it – UNIVERSITY AS A MARKETPLACE (43) and HEALTH CENTER (47) – with a ground for community action.”

from “(45) Necklace of community project” in Alexander et al. (1977)

OUTPUT

variables

* * *

Therefore:

END IF

Cybernetic model Example quotes

“Arrange the work in every workgroup, industry, and office in such way that work and learning go forward hand in hand. Treat every piece of work as an opportunity for learning. To this end, organize work around a tradition of masters and apprentices: and support this form of social organization with a division of the workspace into spatial clusters – one for each master and his apprentices – where they can work and meet together.”

from “(83) Master and apprentices” in Alexander et al.(1977)

* * *

14Identifiable

neighbourhood

15Neighbourhood

boundary18

Networkof learning

157Home

workshop

43University

as amarketplace 83

Master andapprentices

37Housecluster

36Degrees of publicness

45Necklace ofcommunity

project

41Work

community

80Self-governing

workshopsand offices

148Small

work groups

81Small services

withoutred tape

152Half-private

office

183Workspaceenclosure

205StructureFollows

social spaces

212Columns

at thecorners

206Effectivestructure

207Good

materials

211Thickeningouter walls

217Perimeter

beams

218Wall

membranes

248Soft tile

and brick

249Ornament

Byker (Newcastle)

Ralph Erskine

The 1970s

Offer participation

More democracy Autonomous Architecture

SAR Method

Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn

Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn

SAR Method

Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn

SAR Method

Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn

Standort

Größe des Bauvorhabens

Planungsinstanz

Planungsmethodik

Primärstruktur

Einbaupacket

Folgeeinrichtungen

Wohnungsausstattung

Umbau

Professionelle Planer

Nutzer

Planungsentscheidungen Planungsinstanzen

Bauträger

Umbau

Erweiterung

Elimination Bauträger (neu)

Nutzer (gewechselt)

Time (ranking scale)

Sozialsystem(Nominalskala)

Zeit (Intervalskala)

para-professionelles

professionelles

(Laien)

laic

professionelles

Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt

Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt

Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt

The second Generation of Participatism

The 1980s

Strategical planning Private-Public-Partnerships Local partnerships

MISSION ZIELE

UNTERZIELEMASSNAHMEN-PAKETE

AKTIONS-PLAN

operativeMöglichkeiten

Akteure Modell-projekt

DIAGNOSE

PROBLEME

POTENTIALE

control

- Kommunikationsmittel

- Umsetzungsmittel

- Umsetzungspläne

Local partnershipGreening of courtyards

Zürich

B.R.O.T. Vienna, Ottokar Uhl

Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help

B.R.O.T. Vienna, Ottokar Uhl

Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help

Ottokar Uhl

Wohnen mit Kindern

Ottokar Uhl

Wohnen mit Kindern

Ottokar Uhl

Church Karlsruhe-Neureut

Ottokar Uhl

Church Karlsruhe-Neureut

Stabilisation and improvement of disadvantaged districts through cooperation nets

Bremen Osterholz-Tenever

Bucharest

The 1990s

The Stadtforum The new meaning of the free space

Brandeburger Tor

Stadtforum Berlin

Bundestag

Stadtforum Berlin

Bundestag

Stadtforum Berlin

Holocaust Mahnmal

Stadtforum Berlin

East-West

Stadtforum Berlin

GrünGürtel Frankfurt

GrünGürtel Frankfurt

GrünGürtel Frankfurt

Genova

Genova

London

New communication forms

From offer to activation Entstandardisation From process to problem From one-point-participation to

communication strategy

An interdependence

Communication-Participation

EingriffsverwaltungInformation und Anhörung der Verfahrensbeteiligten. Verfahrensrechtsschutz

Technische Dimension

LeistungsverwaltungInformation der breiten Öffentlichkeit. Erörterungen

Organisatorische DimensionSoziale Dimension

Planende VerwaltungAufsuchende und aktivierende Beteiligung

Technische Soziale Dimension

Organisatorische

Partner. Urban Manager

Kooperation

SozialeOrganisatorische

ÖkonomischeTechnischeDimension

Rolle der öffentlichen Verwaltung

Partner. Urban Manager

Planende Verwaltung

Leistungsverwaltung

Eingriffsverwaltung

Beteiligung Kooperation Gemeinsame

Problembearbeitung

Aufsuchende, aktivierende Beteiligung

Information der breiten Öffentlichkeit Erörterungen

Information und Anhörung der Verfahrensbeteiligten

Nutzen von Eigenaktivitäten und

Synergieeffekten

Motivieren, Mobilisieren endo-gener Potentiale, Demokratisieren

Effektivierung von Planung und Umsetzung Demokratisierung der Planung

Verfahrensrechtsschutz

(a) (b)

Planungs-schritte

alsSchichten

Information

Koordination

Kooperation

S.A.R.Methode

strategischePlanung

PPPempirische

Ansätze

Induktion

+Deduktion

=Regression

Daten-set

Hypothese

Hypotheseund abgeleiteten

Hypothesen

Aussagen

EinzelfälleKnow-how

Hypothese

planendeVerwaltung

Partnerurban

Manager

Eingriffs-verwaltung

Leistungs-verwaltung

Partizipation

Integration of communicative strategies

Case study: IBA Emscher Park

Ruhr zone

Perspective

Athens

Bucharest

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

HaDiKo

(Architekt) Denkmalpflege Bautechnik (Ingenieur)

(Nutzer) Mieter Baukosten (Bauherr)

Erhaltung desOriginalzustandes

Anpassung amheutigen

Stand der Technik

hohesWohnwert

Wirtschaftlichkeit

Erhaltungs-arbeiten

Wieder-aufbau-arbeiten

completionErgänzungs-arbeiten

Summary

Conclusions

World Housing Encyclopedia Cooperation in virtual space Sharing information on vulnerable and

earthquake resilient housing in the world Standard format

Structural engineering issues Architectural issues Economic issues Inhabitant issues

Not all aspects covered in these issues http://www.world-housing.net/

WHE database:decision tree for retrofit measures

EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid

Criterion measurement spaces for WHE criteria

EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid

EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid

ATC 40 (1996)

“Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete structures“

Retrofit decision retrofit strategies, retrofit systems and

design constraints Each chapter is written for a broader or

narrower range of expected audience building owners and agency representatives,

architects and building officials as well as structural engineers and analysts

ATC 40 (1996)

Two decision tables checklist of retrofit design considerations,

comprising constrains, importance scores and limitations.

Strategy evaluation matrix

Participation and post-disaster reconstruction

i-rec review

Community for sharing information on participatory reconstruction

Turkey after 1999 earthquake Bam, Iran, after 2003 earthquake Gujarat, India after 2001 earthquake,

comparison with Tamil Nadu after the 2004 tsunami

El Salvador after the 2001 earthquake Outreach to England and Australia

The reconstruction in l’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism

First approaches in participatory disaster reconstruction: Turkey 1999

Reconstruction in l’Aquila 2009 earthquake – without participatism

C.A.S.E. project – new neighbourhoods outside the city

The old centre is still closed zone, where people socialise

This lead to involvement of architects and urban planners

Noto, Gibellina, San Giuliano di Puglia

The reconstruction in l’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism

Comparison of the C.A.S.E. project with other social housing

Zeilenbau

L‘Aquila

L‘Aquila

L‘Aquila

Reconstruction after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism

The Haiti earthquake shocked the world – the impact was not one-to-many through traditional media, but network

Web 2.0 Linkedin Haiti Rewired http://haitirewired.wired.com Plan Haiti with BIM strom Understanding Risk Facebook (farmville, Gingerbread housing

photos)

Reconstruction after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism Crowdsourcing

Understanding Risk (also GEM) Haiti Rewired: confined masonry tool

Confined Masonry Network - EERI

Participatism and the new computer science techniques

Public participation GIS: PGIS, PPGIS, P3DM

Global Earthquake Model Ontology of disaster photography

Public Participation GIS

Was born in 1996 Inclusion of marginalised populations in

mapping, not necessarily GIS Craig et al (2002) NGOs shall communicate the interests of

the population through GIS PPGIS – among decision makers

Makes visible the variants, even in 3D P3DM participatory 3D modelling – a

model built with the community which remains with the community

New tendencies

Inclusion of writers Does not suppose like Christopher

Alexander that every person can do it

Assesment of disaster risk and Global Earthquake Model Involvement of the experts (scientific

community) in the elaboration of the model and its components (global components, regional programs, partners)

The model is and will remain open source There are outreach meetings The calls for projects are reviewed by the

community http://www.globalquakemodel.org/

The ontology of disaster photography Review of the use of ontologies in

architecture Review of the use of catastrophe

photography Previous research Application: Ontology of the digital

databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten,

Ronald De Meyer and Jan Van Campenhout from the University of Ghent investigated “Semantics-Based Design: Can Ontologies Help in a Preliminary Design Phase?” (Pauwels et al, 2009).

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture A research group in Genève (personal

communication Gilles Falquet, 2009) developed ontology for architectural styles. A thesaurus is also a form of ontology, like the one developed by English Heritage.

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture Bjørn Sandaker from the Oslo School of

Architecture and Design is holding a key-note lecture at the International Conference on Structures and Architecture 2010 on “An Ontology of the Structured Space”, which is also a topic of teaching within the e-archidoct doctoral online school.

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture A current call as well of the Global

Earthquake Model foundation calls for risk ontology and taxonomy projects in the built environment subjected to earthquakes.

World Housing Encyclopedia is partner in the consortium which won this call

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture In frame of the European Science

Foundation COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) actions, already the second action is running on an ontology based topic. The first one was Transport and Urban Development Action C21 “Towntology – Urban Ontologies for an Improved Communication in Urban Civil Engineering Projects” (end date: June 2009).

Review of the use of ontologies in architecture The Information and Communication

Technologies Call 6 (2010) of the European Commission includes one on “Cultural heritage, digital libraries and digital preservation in FP7”, which, on its turn, includes digital archives.

Review of the use of catastrophe photography In the 20th century the concept on

catastrophe photography changed, August Sander wrote in September 1946 at the begin of his albums that the photos of the destruction of Cologne in World War II should be a warning of how the beauty of a city can be destroyed.

Review of the use of catastrophe photography It encourages us that catastrophe

photography is a topic still actual, even if not from its architectural/artistic side. Today it is more used to document damages.

Examples of such databases Cambridge University Earthquake Damage

Database Karl V. Steinbrugge Slide and Photograph

Collection of the University of California at Berkeley.

Review of the use of catastrophe photography Obtaining 3D data from stereo images

has been recently performed by Randolph Langenbach (independent researcher in Oakland, USA) in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake from January 2010 using Pictometry satellite images in order to identify the damage on architecture heritage buildings (Gingerbread district).

Stereo images also in 19th century photography

Previous research

The archives of Collection of the Canadian Centre for Architecture

archives of also turn of the century photography of the Tzigara-Samurcaş collection (Brătuleanu, 2009)

World Housing Encyclopedia 3D Geoinformation Training School of COST

TU0801 EGU sessions – urban areas, as the

topographical photography in the 19th century

Previous research

uses of pairs of images of the same damaged buildings have been provided by groups from the Universität Karlsruhe, Germany, in frame of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB461 “Strong earthquakes”, subproject C7 “Novel rescue technologies” in the aftermath of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake using the software Photomodeller (Schweier et al, 2004).

Application: Ontology of the digital databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture Digital archives

Inventory of archive material Ontology for photography archives

Database of photographs to catastrophe ontology

How to populate the database with characteristic photographs Ex. How to link photographs from online archives

Resources about photographers Ruins to be virtually reconstructed in 3D