Post on 22-Jul-2020
FALL 2016 ENROLLMENT, ADMISSIONS, RETENTION &
GRADUATION RATES, DEGREES AND STUDENT
BORROWING FIVE YEAR TRENDS
1
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | WEST LAFAYETTE
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | WEST LAFAYETTE
FALL 2016ENROLLMENTFIVE-YEAR TRENDS
2
3
TOTAL ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE
30,147 29,440 29,255 29,497 30,043
8,163 8,407 8,568 8,974 9,461
946 941 947 938 947
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Undergraduate Graduate Professional
39,256 38,788 38,770 39,409 40,451
4
TOTAL ENROLLMENT OF U.S. MINORITIESWEST LAFAYETTE – MINORITIES 6,585 – UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES 3,545
7765
1,840
2,595
1,284 1,2371,393
1,755
2343
599890
3,116
3,545
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African AmericanHispanic/Latino Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Two or More RacesUnderrepresented Minority
5
TOTAL INTERNATIONAL ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE – BY REGION
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Other Asia
India
China
Europe
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East
Africa
North America
Oceania
8,5629,080
8,702
9,230 9,303
6
UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENT BY RESIDENCYWEST LAFAYETTE – TOTAL 30,043
17,405 16,751 16,177 15,971 16,016
7,836 7,749 7,827 8,311 8,924
4,906 4,940 5,251 5,215 5,103
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
30,147 29,440 29,255 29,497 30,043
7
TOTAL UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE – MINORITIES 5,187 – UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES 2,707
54 42
1,442
2,120
1,006 904
1,1171,373
17 34
504714
2,4832,707
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African AmericanHispanic/Latino Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Two or More RacesUnderrepresented Minority
8
INTERNATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE – BY REGION
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Oceania
North America
Africa
Middle East
Latin America & Caribbean
Europe
China
India
Other Asia
5,1334,974 4,981
5,282 5,233
9
UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENT BY GENDERWEST LAFAYETTE –42.4% FEMALE
12,845 12,597 12,465 12,594 12,730
17,302 16,843 16,790 16,903 17,313
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Female Male
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | WEST LAFAYETTE
FALL 2016UNDERGRADUATE ADMISSIONS &
NEW STUDENT ENROLLMENT
FIVE-YEAR TRENDS10
11
FRESHMAN BEGINNER APPLICATIONSWEST LAFAYETTE – RECORD HIGH OF 48,776
9,165 9,030 8,760 9,390 10,148
13,368 13,29419,681
22,61124,913
8,683 8,914
11,581
13,37613,715
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
31,216 31,238 40,022 45,377 48,776
12
FRESHMAN BEGINNER ADMISSIONSWEST LAFAYETTE
5,926 5,880 5,939 6,348 6,794
9,626 9,39713,023
15,234 15,715
3,515 3,523
4,661
5,074 4,718
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
19,067 18,800 23,623 26,656 27,227
13
SELECTIVITY – ADMISSIONS / APPLICATIONSWEST LAFAYETTE – OVERALL SELECTIVITY OF 55.8%
64.7% 65.1%
67.8% 67.6% 66.9%72.0% 70.7%
66.2% 67.4%63.1%
40.5% 39.5% 40.2%37.9%
34.4%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
14
FRESHMAN BEGINNERSWEST LAFAYETTE
3,454 3,468 3,319 3,543 3,809
1,883 1,882 1,9692,269
2,506
1,008 980 1,1381,062
928
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
6,345 6,330 6,426 6,874 7,243
15
YIELD – ENROLLED / ADMISSIONSWEST LAFAYETTE – OVERALL YIELD OF 26.6%
58.3% 59.0%55.9% 55.8% 56.1%
19.6% 20.0%
15.1% 14.9% 15.9%
28.7% 27.8%24.4%
20.9% 19.7%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
16
FRESHMAN BEGINNER ENROLLMENT OF U.S. MINORITIESWEST LAFAYETTE – 1,386 TOTAL AND 697 UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES
9
7
278
570
207
228246
355
6
9
139 217
543
697
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African AmericanHispanic/Latino Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Two or More RacesUnderrepresented Minority
17
INTERNATIONAL NEW BEGINNER ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE – BY REGION*
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Oceania
North America
Africa
Middle East
Latin America & Caribbean
Europe
China
India
Other Asia
942
1,008979
1,143
1,062
*Based on citizenship at the time of application.
18
FRESHMAN BEGINNERS BY GENDERWEST LAFAYETTE – 43.2% FEMALE
2,818 2,753 2,715 2,931 3,126
3,527 3,577 3,7113,943
4,117
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Female Male
19
FRESHMAN BEGINNERS BY 1ST GENERATION & PELL ELIGIBLEWEST LAFAYETTE – 1ST GEN. 20% OF TOTAL CLASS & PELL-ELIGIBLE 18.6% OF DOMESTIC
22.5%
20.0%22.0%
18.6%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1st Gen. College Students % of Total Pell-Elig. Domestic Students % of US
20
NEW FRESHMAN BEGINNERS ACADEMIC PROFILEWEST LAFAYETTE – SAT
568
583
560
580
600
620
640
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
CRITICAL READING
618625
560
580
600
620
640
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
MATH
563
574
560
580
600
620
640
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
WRITING
1749
1782
1700
1730
1760
1790
1820
1850
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
CR + MATH + WRITING
1186
1208
1150
1170
1190
1210
1230
1250
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
CR + MATH
21
ACADEMIC PROFILE – ACT, HIGH SCHOOL RANK, GPAWEST LAFAYETTE – ACT, HS RANK AND HS GPA
26.8
27.9
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ACT COMPOSITE
84.084.3
82.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
HIGH SCHOOL RANK
3.66
3.74
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
HIGH SCHOOL GPA
22
PERCENTAGE OF TOP SCHOLARS** DEFINED AS TOP 5% SCORES ON THE ACT/SAT OF COLLEGE-BOUND HS SENIORS
27.2%
31.0%32.4%
37.9% 37.8%
11.1%12.4%
14.7% 15.5% 15.4%
19.0% 18.9%
21.3%
24.3% 24.3%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Fall 2012 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Fall 2016
Non-residents
Residents
Total
23
PERCENTAGE WITH “A” AVERAGE IN HIGH SCHOOLWEST LAFAYETTE
50.7%
56.4%
54.5%
56.9%
58.3%
46.1%
51.4%
53.5% 53.9%
52.4%
47.7%
53.1%53.9%
55.0% 54.7%
40.0%
42.0%
44.0%
46.0%
48.0%
50.0%
52.0%
54.0%
56.0%
58.0%
60.0%
Fall 2012 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Fall 2016
Domestic Nonresidents
Indiana Residents
All Domestic Freshman Beginners
24
HS GPA BY COLLEGEFALL 2016 FRESHMAN NEW BEGINNERS
3.683.60
3.91
3.70
3.55
3.80 3.82
3.57
3.71
3.62 3.63
OVERALL, 3.74
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
HS GPA OVERALL
25
SAT CR + M BY COLLEGEFALL 2016 FRESHMAN NEW BEGINNERS
1109
1053
1331
1132 1132
1186
1278
1131
1199 1180
960
1053
OVERALL, 1208
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
SAT CR+M OVERALL
26
NEW FALL TRANSFER ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE – TOTAL 834 NEW TRANSFERS
691725
152109
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
External Transfers Regional Campus Transfers
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | WEST LAFAYETTE
FALL 2016RETENTION & GRADUATION RATES
AND DEGREES AWARDED
MULTI-YEAR TRENDS27
28
FIRST- AND SECOND-YEAR RETENTION RATESWEST LAFAYETTE
90.2%91.8%
83.7%
88.0%
60.0%
65.0%
70.0%
75.0%
80.0%
85.0%
90.0%
95.0%
29
GRADUATION RATESWEST LAFAYETTE – 4, 5, & 6-YEAR RECORD HIGHS
40.3%
55.9%
65.1%
74.2%
70.2%
77.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
55.0%
60.0%
65.0%
70.0%
75.0%
80.0%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Average time to degree = 4.15 years
Six-Year Graduation
Five-Year Graduation
Four-Year Graduation
30
GRADUATION RATES & RETENTION RATESWEST LAFAYETTE
84.3%
91.8%
76.0%
88.0%
39.2%
55.9%
63.4%
74.2%
68.7%
77.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Four-Year Graduation
First-Year Retention
Second-Year Retention
Six-Year Graduation
Five-Year Graduation
31
ONE-YEAR RETENTION RATESBY RACE/ETHNICITY AND GENDER FOR ENTERING COHORT 2015 (n=6,855)
91.4%92.2% 92.2%
87.5%
91.1% 90.9%
94.0%
91.7%92.9%
91.0%
85.0%
86.0%
87.0%
88.0%
89.0%
90.0%
91.0%
92.0%
93.0%
94.0%
95.0%
91.8%
Overall University
One-Year Retention
32
TWO-YEAR RETENTION RATESBY RACE/ETHNICITY AND GENDER FOR ENTERING COHORT 2014 (n=6,408)
87.2%89.2%
85.6%
77.8%
81.7%82.9%
91.6%
88.3%85.9%
88.2%
70.0%
72.0%
74.0%
76.0%
78.0%
80.0%
82.0%
84.0%
86.0%
88.0%
90.0%
88.0%
Overall University
Two-Year Retention
33
FOUR-YEAR GRADUATION RATESBY RACE/ETHNICITY AND GENDER FOR ENTERING COHORT 2012 (n=6329)
49.0%
64.3%
40.0% 44.4%51.4% 47.6% 47.1%
57.6%49.5%
55.5%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
55.9%Overall University
Four-Year
34
SIX-YEAR GRADUATION RATESBY RACE/ETHNICITY AND GENDER ENTRY COHORT 2010 (n =6,353)
74.9% 79.8%
66.8%
50.0%
73.5% 70.3% 72.7%77.9% 74.7% 77.7%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
77.0%Overall University
Six -Year
85.7% 82.2% 79.1%89.3%
62.5%
78.3% 78.1% 77.4%83.8%
35.1%
82.4%
7.6%9.0% 16.3%
5.8%
23.2%
10.2% 13.8% 13.0%8.0%
53.1%
5.9%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
AGR HHS EDU ENG CLA PHARM SCI TECH MAN EXPL VT
CODO College
Entry College
BY COLLEGE (2015 COHORT)
35
ONE-YEAR RETENTION RATES
Overall University One-Year
Entry CollegeOne-Year
91.8%
76.5%
57.6%65.9%
52.9%
40.9% 41.3%
3.3%
38.1%45.4%
54.9%50.0%
8.4%
7.3%
15.7%
6.9%
19.2%
21.5%
19.4% 6.9%
12.5%
50.7%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
AG HHS EDU ENGR CLA PHARM SCI TECH MGMT EXPL VT
CODO College
Entry College
Overall University Four -Year
36
FOUR-YEAR GRADUATION RATESBY ENTRY COLLEGE (2012 COHORT)
Overall Entry College
Four-Year
40.2%
55.9%
62.1%69.3%
59.9% 62.4%
41.7%
21.7%
43.5%
55.0%58.4%
52.4%
15.2%9.0%
17.7%19.6%
27.3%
53.6%
33.3%15.3%
20.8%
75.4%
14.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
AG HHS EDU ENG CLA PHARM SCI TECH MGMT EXPL VT
CODO College
Original College
37
SIX-YEAR GRADUATION RATESBY ENTRY COLLEGE (2010 COHORT)
Overall Entry College
Six -Year
51.6%
Overall University Six -Year
77.0%
6,827 6,829 6834 6,972 6,862
1,607 1,538 1762 1,843 1,870
656 687735 709 727
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Other
Post Secondary Certificate
Post Masters Certificate
First-Professional Degree
Associate
Doctoral
Masters
Baccalaureate
10,26810,305
38
DEGREESPURDUE – WEST LAFAYETTE
9,9939,7179,974
39
BACCALAUREATE DEGREES AWARDEDPER ANNUAL ENROLLMENT – WEST LAFAYETTE
21.7% 23.3%
20.5%
24.8%
17.7%
17.7%
26.2%
29.3%
22.6%
23.5%
3.2%
4.4%
19.1%
23.5%
21.9%
21.3%
26.4%
28.9%
3.8%
4.9%
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Agriculture
Education
Engineering
Health and Human Sciences
Liberal Arts
Pharmacy
Science
Polytechnic Institute
Management
Veterinary Technology
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | WEST LAFAYETTE
FALL 2016COLLEGE/SCHOOL/INSTITUTE
ADMISSIONS AND ENROLLMENT
FIVE-YEAR TRENDS40
41
HONORS COLLEGE – ADMISSION & ENROLLMENTMASSIVE GROWTH IN FOURTH YEAR
3,496
984
558
3,352
794
487
3,735
980
578
3,852
1,127
741
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
New Freshman Beginners Invited toHonors College
New Freshman Beginners Invited toHonors College and Enrolled
New Freshman Beginners Enrolledand Accepted Invite to Honors College
2013
2014
2015
2016
Honors College Yield From Those Invited15.5%
Honors College Yield From Those Invited and Enrolled59.0%
2015
Honors College Yield From Those Invited19.2%
Honors College Yield From Those Invited and Enrolled65.7%
2016
42
HONORS COLLEGE ACADEMIC PROFILEWEST LAFAYETTE SAT
697 679
625 625
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
2013 2014 2015 2016
675664
573583
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
2013 2014 2015 2016
665 647
573 574
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
2013 2014 2015 2016
CRITICAL READING MATH WRITING
95
92
8584
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2013 2014 2015 2016
HIGH SCHOOL RANK
3.963.94
3.70
3.74
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
2013 2014 2015 2016
HIGH SCHOOL GPA
31.431.3
27.227.9
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
2013 2014 2015 2016
ACT COMPOSITE
Honors College
Overall
43
HONORS COLLEGE BY U.S. MINORITIES & GENDERWEST LAFAYETTE
262 263
309
370
1
1
54
79
10
49
30
43
10
15
43
45
108
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2013 2014 2015 2016
Wo
men
Eth
nic
ity
Women American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian
Black or African American Hispanic/Latino Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Two or More races Total Underrepresented
44
FRESHMAN APPLICATIONS AND ENROLLMENTENGINEERING – WEST LAFAYETTE
10,44611,054
15,562
17,12517,737
1,750 1,776 1,771 1,925 2,077
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Enrolled Engineering Beginners
Engineering Applications
45
FRESHMAN APPLICATIONSNON-ENGINEERING PROGRAMS – WEST LAFAYETTE
1,333
1,756
3,113
4,608
508 403
2,700
3,7043,262
4,134
881 971
4,364
8,265
1,312
2,8413,068
4,252
2231040
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Agriculture
Health & Human Sciences
Education
Liberal Arts
Management
Pharmacy
Science
Polytechnic Institute
Exploratory Studies
Veterinary Medicine
46
FRESHMAN APPLICATIONS BY RESIDENCYWEST LAFAYETTE
9,165 9,030
8,760 9,39010,148
13,368 13,294
19,681
22,611
24,913
8,683 8,914
11,581
13,376 13,715
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Indiana Resident Domestic Non-Resident International
47
ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE
7,352 7,463 7,5897,928
8,412
1,750 1,776 1,771 1,925 2,077
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Enrolled Engineering Beginners
Engineering Total Undergraduates
48
NON-ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE
2,658
2,736
4,333
3,857
686
544
3,742
2,503
2,444 2,533
660
677
3,456
3,630
3,196
3,529
1,1031,209
315236
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Agriculture
Health & Human Sciences
Education
Liberal Arts
Management
Pharmacy
Science
Polytechnic
Exploratory Studies
Veterinary Technology
49
GRADUATE SCHOOL ADMISSIONS AND ENROLLMENTWEST LAFAYETTE
17,504
16,692
8,163 9,461
4,7185,224
2,1722,496
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Total Applications
Admitted
New Student Enrollment
Total Graduate School Enrollment
OFFICE OF ENROLLMENT MANAGEMENT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY | REGIONAL CAMPUSES
FALL 2016UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT DEBT,
BORROWING & COHORT DEFAULT RATES
FIVE-YEAR TRENDS50
51
MEAN DEBT OF GRADUATING BORROWERSUNDERGRADUATE BORROWERS BY RESIDENCY
61.3%
$25,373 58.3%
$25,152
39.1%
$34,797 28.4%
$34,264
53.5%
$27,798 45.7%
$27,530
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
RESIDENT NON-RESIDENT ALL UNDERGRADUATES
52
MEAN DEBT AND STARTING SALARY2015-16 UNDERGRADUATE BORROWERS AND MAY 2015 BACHELOR DEGREE EARNERS
$- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000
Education
Agriculture
Management
Health & Human Sciences
Polytechnic
Science
Liberal Arts
Engineering
Average Salary Average Student Loan Debt
53
AGGREGATE LOAN DOLLARSUNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT WEST LAFAYETTE AND POLYTECHNIC STATEWIDE
1 2 3
$-
$10,000,000
$20,000,000
$30,000,000
$40,000,000
$50,000,000
$60,000,000
$70,000,000
$80,000,000
$90,000,000
$100,000,000
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Federal Student Federal PLUS Private Purdue
Aggregate borrowing is down $55 M – 30% less than in 2011-12
54
COHORT DEFAULT RATES3-YEAR RATES
2.8%
5.3% 5.1%
3.4%
2.7%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
3-Year CDR
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2013 National 3-year CDR for 4-year public institutions is 7.3%
0.4%
2.7% 3.0% 3.1%
4.4%
9.0%9.8%
10.2%
22.5%
National 4-Year Public Institutions, 7.3%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
NOTRE DAME PURDUE-WESTLAFAYETTE
INDIANAUNIVERSITY
BIG 10 BALL STATE CALUMET NORTHCENTRAL
FORT WAYNE IVY TECH
55
COHORT DEFAULT RATES IN INDIANACOMPARISON OF 3-YEAR FY 2013 DEFAULT RATES
Generally the higher the graduation rate, the lower the default rate; there is not an association between cost of attendance and default rate.