Post on 18-Jan-2016
Essential Elements
CHNOP
Atom’s and Elements
An atom? The smallest unit of matter
What is a moleucule? More than one atom
Essential Elements
The 5 most essential elements (CHNOP) Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Hydrogen
The majority of your body is made up of water (H2O).
Most reactions take place in water. IT IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES
Bases of DNA contain hydrogen
Oxygen
Used in metabolic processes Used in oxidation reactions Needed for cellular respiration Your brain requires oxygen to function and coordinate
your nervous system USED IN ALL MACROMOLECULES
Carbon
Bonds with other elements to build larger organic molecules in your body Carbon atoms are the building blocks of larger
molecules
Key component of carbohydrates used by your body for energy
The backbone in all living organisms and
IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES
Nitrogen
Component of nucleic acids which are a part of DNA
Component of amino acids Part of the structure of
neurotransmitters (part of your nervous system)
Phosphorus
Phosphorous is a key structural component in the backbone of DNA and RNA.
Cellular energy is stored in molecules called ATP. The "TP" stand for "tri-phosphate". Breaking off one of these phosphates releases energy.
Phosphate tags are used to regulate all kinds of cellular processes (division, growth, apoptosis, etc...).
MacromoleculesSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules that are composed of smaller units called monomers.
The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many monomers
Monomer: one basic unit or subunit
Polymer: a chain of many basic units
Types of Macromolecules
There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are: Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
What you need to know:
Names of the 4 macromolecules
Structure- monomers and polymers of each
Function- what are they used for?
Food sources- what foods will you find these in?
Essential Elements? – of CHNOP, which one(s) does the macromolecule contain?
LipidsCHNOP? – CHO & P
Lipids: Monomer Vs Polymer
Multiple fatty acids
A
B
Lipids: Structure
Monomer: fatty acids or glycerol
CHNOP? - CHO
Notice it is one fatty acid
Lipids: Structure
Polymer : lipidsTypes of lipids:
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, Saturated fat –
butter, Unsaturated fat -
oil
Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated
Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated
Lipids: Function
Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
Long-term energy storage
Lipids: Food Sources
As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.
Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.
Proteins
CHNOP? - CHNO
Proteins: Structure – Monomer vs Polymer
Proteins are made up of… Monomer: amino acids
20 different kinds!*
Polymer: protein or polypeptides
CHNOP?
dipeptide
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins: Structure
Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function!
Proteins: Function
Build and repair muscle
and tissues “No pain, no gain!”
Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Proteins: Food Sources
Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.
Carbohydrates
CHNOP? -- CHO
Carbohydrates: Structure
Carbohydrates are made up of… Monomer: monosaccharides
Most sugars end in ose
Ex.: glucose, Fructose, ribose
Polymer : polysaccharides Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy! Structure of plant walls (cellulose)
Carbohydrates: Function
What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?
Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy
Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.
Nucleic Acids
CHNOPS? - CHNOP
Nucleic Acids: Structure
Nucleic Acids are made up of…
Monomers: nucleotides
Polymers: Polynucleotide or nucleic acid
Examples DNA or RNA
Nucleic Acids: Function
Stores and carries genetic information
Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).
Digestion & Reconstruction
When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).
Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.
Analogy: using bricks to build a new building
Digestion Products
Macromolecule eaten: Broken down in stomach to:
Carbohydrates Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)
Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose)
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides