Essential Elements

CHNOP

Atom’s and Elements

An atom? The smallest unit of matter

What is a moleucule? More than one atom

Essential Elements

The 5 most essential elements (CHNOP) Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Hydrogen

The majority of your body is made up of water (H2O).

Most reactions take place in water. IT IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES

Bases of DNA contain hydrogen

Oxygen

Used in metabolic processes Used in oxidation reactions Needed for cellular respiration Your brain requires oxygen to function and coordinate

your nervous system USED IN ALL MACROMOLECULES

Carbon

Bonds with other elements to build larger organic molecules in your body Carbon atoms are the building blocks of larger

molecules

Key component of carbohydrates used by your body for energy

The backbone in all living organisms and

IS FOUND IN ALL MACROMOLECULES

Nitrogen

Component of nucleic acids which are a part of DNA

Component of amino acids Part of the structure of

neurotransmitters (part of your nervous system)

Phosphorus

Phosphorous is a key structural component in the backbone of DNA and RNA.

Cellular energy is stored in molecules called ATP. The "TP" stand for "tri-phosphate". Breaking off one of these phosphates releases energy.

Phosphate tags are used to regulate all kinds of cellular processes (division, growth, apoptosis, etc...).

MacromoleculesSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are large molecules that are composed of smaller units called monomers.

The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many monomers

Monomer: one basic unit or subunit

Polymer: a chain of many basic units

Types of Macromolecules

There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are: Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Nucleic Acids

What you need to know:

Names of the 4 macromolecules

Structure- monomers and polymers of each

Function- what are they used for?

Food sources- what foods will you find these in?

Essential Elements? – of CHNOP, which one(s) does the macromolecule contain?

LipidsCHNOP? – CHO & P

Lipids: Monomer Vs Polymer

Multiple fatty acids

A

B

Lipids: Structure

Monomer: fatty acids or glycerol

CHNOP? - CHO

Notice it is one fatty acid

Lipids: Structure

Polymer : lipidsTypes of lipids:

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, Saturated fat –

butter, Unsaturated fat -

oil

Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated

Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated

Lipids: Phospholipid

CHNOP ? C, H, O & P

Lipids: Function

Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure

Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)

Long-term energy storage

Lipids: Food Sources

As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.

Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

Proteins

CHNOP? - CHNO

Proteins: Structure – Monomer vs Polymer

Proteins are made up of… Monomer: amino acids

20 different kinds!*

Polymer: protein or polypeptides

CHNOP?

dipeptide

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Proteins: Structure

Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function!

Proteins: Function

Build and repair muscle

and tissues “No pain, no gain!”

Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Proteins: Food Sources

Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.

There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

Carbohydrates

CHNOP? -- CHO

Carbohydrates: Structure

Carbohydrates are made up of… Monomer: monosaccharides

Most sugars end in ose

Ex.: glucose, Fructose, ribose

Polymer : polysaccharides Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

Carbohydrates: Function

Provide body with energy! Structure of plant walls (cellulose)

Carbohydrates: Function

What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?

Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy

Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy

Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

Broken down to disaccharides

Broken down further

Carbohydrates: Food Sources

Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.

Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

Nucleic Acids

CHNOPS? - CHNOP

Nucleic Acids: Structure

Nucleic Acids are made up of…

Monomers: nucleotides

Polymers: Polynucleotide or nucleic acid

Examples DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acids: Function

Stores and carries genetic information

Nucleic Acids: Food Sources

We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

Digestion & Reconstruction

When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).

Analogy: taking apart an old brick building

Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.

Analogy: using bricks to build a new building

Digestion Products

Macromolecule eaten: Broken down in stomach to:

Carbohydrates Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)

Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose)

Proteins Amino acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides