ENGLISH DIALECTS AND ACCENTS

 Hughes A., Trudgill P., English Accents and Dialects (An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles), Fourth Edition; Hodder Arnold: 2005

http://sounds.bl.uk/Sound-Maps/UK-Soundmap/full-screen

 

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

• historical

• regional

• social

•stylistic

variability of lexis, grammar, pronunciation… 

DIALECT or ACCENT ?

dialect – common lexical, grammatical, phonetic features

accent – common phonetic features

    

        

 

socia

l va

riatio

n

regional variation

standard

SOCIOLECTS

REGIONAL DIALECTS

Regional vs. social variability:

 

Example: h-dropping in West Yorkshire:

Upper-middle class: 12%Lower-middle class: 28%Upper working class: 67%Middle working class: 89%Lower working class: 93%

The lower the social class, the stronger the traits of the regional accent 

STANDARD

ENGLISH

BRITISH

English (England,

Wales)Irish Scottish

AMERICAN

Variability within Standard English:

REGIONAL VARIETIES OF BRITISH ENGLISH

Social prestige of regional dialects dependson the relative social/economic/political power of their speakers

RP: received pronunciation “accepted in the best society” – 19th century(Queen’s English, BBC English): only 3-5 % of speakers today

Estuary English – perhaps the most prestigious regional accent today, but the popularity of individual accents may be affected by the entertainment business (movies, pop culture etc.)

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2266574/Shut-UP-The-Essex-accent-revealed-worst-Britain-women7-admit-swooning-soft-Irish-twang.html

GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS

GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS

Nouns

-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)

GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS

Nouns

-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)

Pronouns

us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland)

GRAMMATICAL VARIATION ACROSS REGIONS

Nouns

-unmarked plurality in nouns of measurements:a hundred pound, five foot (even in colloquial SE)

Pronouns

us – objective case of I (north-eastern England, Scotland)Give us a kiss…

historical forms for the 2nd person singular still in use:thou, thee, thy, thine (north of England, rural south-west)thou, thee = tha (north of England)

tha cast = ‘you can’ (cast – the “old” form for the 2nd p. sg. < canst)

Some varieties (South-West England: Devon, Somerset)contrast strong and weak pronouns (accented : unaccented) rather than common case and objective case forms of pronouns

strong weakyou eehe er (subject), ‘n (object)she erwe usthey ‘m

We wouldn’t do it, would us?Give ‘n to she.

Mass nouns may be referred as it, countable nouns as he, er, ‘n

Pass me the bread. It’s on the table.Pass me the loaf. He’s on the table.

Reflexive pronouns

(in many non-standard dialects):

myselfherselfyourselfitselfhisselfourselvestheirselves

Note: Initially, all reflexive pronouns consisted of the personal pronoun and self. The combination of possessives and self is of a later date, as is the plural marking of selves (self used to be an adjective and not a noun). In SE, the substitution of new forms has not spread to the 3rd person, in regional varieties it has.

Demonstratives

north of England, Scotland: three-way demonstratives

close to the speaker: this these (NE) thir (Sc)close to the addressee: that them they, thaedistant from both: yon yon yon, thon

Relative pronouns

That was the man what done it. (particularly common)That was the man which done it. That was the man as done it.That was the man at done it.That was the man done it.

That is the man what his son done it.

Comparison of adjectives:

She’s more rougher than he is.

He’ s the most toughest bloke I’ve met.

You ought to be carefuller in future.

Note: Double comparative/superlative marking common in Shakespeare.

Adverbs

He ran slow.She spoke very clever. They done it very nice.

Note: The original adverbial suffix was –e, which was dropped in Middle English and later replaced with –ly.

Verbs

Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs

Verbs

Irregular verbs: reduction of forms, regularization of verbs

(The process started in Middle English, but was “interrupted” in the 18th century, when English got its standard form with the first dictionaries and grammar books).

see – seen – seen or see – see – seengive – give – givecome – come – comego – went – wentwrite – writ – writ

draw – drawed - drawed

Present Tense forms: the ending –s either missing or generalized:

He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean)He don’t like it. (East Anglia, American, Caribbean)We goes home. (north of England, south-west, South Wales)

Scotland, Northern Ireland – present : historical presentI go home every day.I goes down the street. I sees this man.

Negation

• multiple negation = negative concord in most parts of the British Isles:I didn’t have no dinner.

• ain’t [eɪnt, ɛnt, ɪnt]very common, but not throughout Britain

= am not, is not, are not, have/has not < amn’tI ain’t coming. I ain’t done it.

no, nae, na for not (Scotland):

He’s no coming.I’ve nae got it.I cannae go.We do na have one.

•never as past tense negative:In most parts of British Isles

AUXLIARIES

• have

stative : dynamic use

SE: I haven’t any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast.

AE: I don’t have any money. I didn’t have coffee with my breakfast,

ScE: I haven’t any money. I hadn’t coffee with my breakfast.

American, British English: have > have got (informal)

Younger speakers > no distinction between stative and dynamic have:

Have you got any money? (informal)Have you any money? (formal, older speakers)Do you have any money? (younger speakers)

• do

Full verb, auxiliary function

SE: do did done

Most non-standard d’s: do did (auxiliary)do done done (full verb)

You done lots of work, didn’t you? I did. I done it last night.

• be

North-eastern England: is for all persons: I is...

Parts of West-Midland: am for all persons: You am...

South-western England: be for all persons

• woz for all persons; You woz...

• modal auxiliaries

mustSE, southern English:a) deontic: He must do it. He mustn’t do it.

He has to do it. He doesn’t have to do it.He’s got to do it. He hasn’t got to do it.

b) epistemic: He must have seen it. He can’t have seen it.

Northern English epistemic: He mustn’t be in.

Younger speakers: ought (to), used (to) with do

They didn’t used to go. (= They used not to go).He doesn’t ought to go. (= He ought not to go)

QUESTION TAGS:

• north-eastern Scotland: same polarity tags:

It’ s a fine day, is it?

• the use of innit as a general tag (marked as slang)

Contracted forms:

South of England:

I haven’t got it.She won’t go.Doesn’t she like it?

North of England:

I’ve not got it.She’ll not go.Does she not like it?

word order

SE:

She gave the man a book.She gave him it.She gave him the book.She gave the book to the man.She gave it to him.

South of England:

to – prefered if DO is a pronoun

North of England:

She gave it him (acceptable in the south)She gave it the man (not found in the south)

PRONUNCIATION

VARIABILITY: within RP, regional

RP: older speakers : younger speakerssocial classesacquisition of RP

Conservative RPGeneral RPAdvanced RPAdoptive RP...

Regional variability:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8mzWkuOxz8

Main division:

Southern: (foot-strut split)RP, Cockney, Estuary, Kentish, Sussex, Essex...South-West (rhotic, no trap-bath split)East Anglian, South Midland (no H-dropping, complete yod-dropping)

Northern, Midland, southern Irish:Geordie, Cumbrian, Yorkshire, LancashirianScouse, Brummie, Dublin, Cork

Scotland, north of Ireland:Glaswegian, Highland, Scots, Ulster English

Wales: southern, northern

CONSONANTS

• Post-alveolar approximant /r/

rhotic – non-rhotic accents

rhotic accents – non-prevocalic [ɹ]

18th c. : NE /r/ > ∅ / _ {C, #}

rhotic: General American, Scotland, Ireland, south-western England

non-rhotic: England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, southern USA, New York, New England,South Africa, Caribbean...

rhotic and non-rhotic accents in England:

1950s end of 20th c.

rhotic and non-rhotic accents in England:

1950s end of 20th c.

many variants of /r/ :

alveolar tap [ɾ] (Scotland, Wales, northern England)

retloflex approximant [ɻ] (Highland, Ireland)

alveolar trill [r] (Scotland, but rare),

uvular fricative [ʁ] (rural north-east)

labio-dental [ʋ] in younger speakers in the south of Englands

• Glottal stop

•RP speakers:- Before word-initial vowels- before consonants in syllable-final environment:

six [sɪʔks] - glottalization

- instead of the linking r

- instead of word-final or morpheme-final plosives, especially if the next consonant has the same place of

articulation: -

get down [geʔ’daʊn]Scotland [‘skɒʔlənd]back garden [bæʔ’gɑ:dn]

• More common in regional varieties:

- as allophone of medial and final /t/:

most frequent word finally before a C that manbefore a syllabic n buttonword finally before a V that applebefore syllabic l bottle

least frequent medially before a V better

Increasing use of [ʔ] instead of [t] in younger speakers in all regions

Exceptions: parts of Wales, northern Scotland

North-eastern England, East Anglia, Northern Ireland, north-eastern Scotland: glottalization of /p, t, k/ [‘flɪpʔə]

•H-dropping

•H-dropping

In many RP speakers /h/ is mute in initial position in unstressed pronouns and auxiliaries:

[‘stɒpɪm] stop (h)im

H-dropping much more common in other varieties:

NO H-dropping in Scottish and Irishaccents.

Lateral /l/

clear/light [l] – before vowels and /j/: likedark [ɫ] – before a consonant and syllabically: bottleVoiceless [Ị] – after /p/ and /k/: plate, clap

NE: L-vocalization: early process

all, folk, calf, Holmes, chalk...

Some RP speakers use a vowel instead of the dark /l/: milk, well

especially common in: Cockney, Estuary English, Manchester, Bristol...

Semi-vowel /j/

yod-coalescence = merger of /j/ with preceding alveolar plosives to form affricatesdune = JuneWhat you need [wɒʧʊ’ni:d]Would you…[wʊʤʊ]

R! : NE [s] + [j] > [ʃ] RussiaNE [z] + [j] > [ʒ] precisionNE [t] + [j] > [ʧ] natureNE [d] + [j] > [ʤ] soldier AFTER ACCENTED SYLLABLES

yod-dropping = loss of /j/

In early NE after [r] in most RP (younger) speakers today also after /l/ and /s/ rude, Luke, allude, super, suit, suitable…London (northern parts), American E.: after all alveolars: news, duty, student…North of England: after [θ]: enthusiasticEastern England: after all consonants before [u:]: music, human, beauty

[ƞ] (“g-dropping”)

Most RP speakers have [n] in –ing.

Western central England (Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham):

singing [sɪƞgɪƞg]

VOWELS

[ʌ] : [ʊ] : [u:]

The strut-foot split

VOWELS

[ʌ] : [ʊ] : [u:]

In western parts [ʌ] realized as [ə].

one, none, tong [ɒ]: much of the north of England

[ʊ] : [u:] [ʊ] favoured in the East, [u:] in the west: book, room

[æ] : [ɑ:]

The trap-bath split

[æ] : [ɑ:]

[æ] is [a] in younger RP speakers (lowering of vowels – chain shift)

RP:

• [æ] / [a]: pat, cap, land

• [ɑ:]

a) Before voiceless fricatives:path, laugh, grass but: maths, daffodil, gas, ass, mass…southern accentsNorthern accents, Scottish, Northern Irish [a]

b) before n/m + consonant dance, grant, demand, example but: romance, pant, band, camp

Welsh, Irish, Australian have [æ], although [ɑ:] in path

c) before non-prevocalic /r/part, barnot in rhotic accents

d) before former l + labial, some other lexical itemspalm, half, banana, tomato...

b) before n/m + consonant dance, grant, demand, example but: romance, pant, band, camp

Welsh, Irish, Australian have [æ], although [ɑ:] in path

c) before non-prevocalic /r/part, barnot in rhotic accents

d) before former l + labial, some other lexical itemspalm, half, banana, tomato...

Diphthongs

• centring diphthongs:

[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents

Diphthongs

• centring diphthongs:

[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents

strong smoothing tendencyMany speakers [ɔ:] instead of [ʊə]

• closing diphthongs:

[aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, əʊ, aʊ]

southern accents > wider first elementnorthern accents > narrower first elementfar south-west E, far north E, Scotland, Wales, Ireland: monophthongs

gate: [gæɪt, gɛɪt, geɪt, ge:t]boat: [bʌʉt, bɔʊt, bo:t]

Diphthongs

• centring diphthongs:

[ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə] – the result of V + r > not in rhotic accents

strong smoothing tendencyMany speakers [ɔ:] instead of [ʊə]

• closing diphthongs:

[aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, əʊ, aʊ]

southern accents > wider first elementnorthern accents > narrower first elementfar south-west E, far north E, Scotland, Wales, Ireland: monophthongs

COCKNEY

< coken ey ‘a misshapen egg without a yolk, as if laid by a cock’(Piers Plowman, 1364)

‘a milksop’ (Chaucer)

16th century: extended to people brought up in cities, ignorant of real life:

“This cockneys […] may abide no sorrow when they come to age. In this great cities as London, York, the children be so nycely and wantonly brought up that commonly they can little good”(Robert Whittinton, Vulgaria, 1520)

“Two different modes of pronunciation prevail, by which the inhabitants of one part of the town are distinguished from those of the other. One is current in the City, and is called the cockney. The other at the court end, and is called the polite pronunciation”. (The General Dictionary of the English Language, 1780)

19th century – “coarse, ugly”, the speech of the working class Eastenders

traditinally: within the earshot of the sound of the Bow-Bells

St Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, City of London

How does Cockney sound?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fRY6J6lD7k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svuPbOHWF-M

How does Cockney sound?

southern accent:

- strut-foot split✓ : [ʌ] more as [a̝]- trap-bath split✓ : [æ] as [ɛ̝] or even [ɛɪ]- diphthongs more open✓ : [eɪ>æɪ, əʊ > ʌʉ, aɪ > ɑɪ, aʊ

> æə] - the final vowel in city [i:]

- non-rhotic✓- /h/ absent, but also ‘hypercorrection (Did you hever see…)✓- glottal stop for the intervocalic and final t: bu‘er, wha’?✓- vocalization of dark /l/✓

- [f/v/d] for <th> (The Muvver Tongue by Robert Barltrop, 1980)- -ing > [ɪn] or [ɪƞk]: nuffink for nothing- heavy aspiration of plosives, almost affrication of [t] to [ts]- /r/ is more [ʋ] than [ɹ]

Non-standard double negation: There ain’t nuffink like it.

Past participle instead of simple past tense form: I done it yesterday, I just seen ‘er.

ain’t, innit

Rhyming Slang:

loaf (of bread) = head minces (minced pies) = eyesplates (of meat) = feetapples (and pears) = stairsdog (and bone) = telephonetrouble (and strife) = wifebutchers (hook) = lookrabbit (and pork) = talkauntie (Ella) = umbrella raspberry (tart) = fartBristol (cities) = titties

Would you Adam an’ Eve it? = Would you believe it?They had a bit of a bull and a cow = They had a row

Gregory Peck = neck, chequeBritney (Spears) = beerTony (Blair) = flairsBarney (Rubble) = trouble

Estuary English

South-eastern England, parts of London, northern Kent, south Essex

• non-rhotic, but intrusive r• the trap-bath split - [ɑ:] in bath• glottal stop for non-initial t• yod-coalescence: [ʧ] in Tuesday, [ʤ] in dune• yod-dropping in suitable, consume,presume• l-vocalisation•[əʊ] becomes [ɒʊ] before dark l goat : goal

Unlike Cockney, no h-dropping, double negation or [ʋ] for [ ɹ]

frequent use of tags don’t I?, isn’t it? Cheers for ‘thank-you’ or ‘good-bye’frequent use of American patterns

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc8dThmo5T8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkxm5UTe-Xg&feature=fvwrel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-nH3DN-ubE

YORKSHIRE

HISTORY:

Celtic tribes Brigantes and ParisiRoman rule since AD 715th c. – 7th c. independent kingdom

NorthumbriaKingdom of Jorvik - 866 AD > DanelawNorwegian rule

10th c. Wessex > EnglandNorman Conquest

House of YorkHouse of Lancaster (both Plantagenets)

War of the Roses

Henry (Tudor) VII and Elisabeth of York

YORKSHIRE DIALECT/ACCENT

Northern dialect-Old English and Old Norse roots-Mercian, partly Northumbrian

-Bradford, York, Leeds, Sheffield

Phonemic features:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScELaXMCVis

Phonemic features:

-[a] in dance, daft > no trap-bath split-[ʊ] /[ə] in put and putt, but [ɒ] in one, once, nothing…-[i] in city is more open [ɪ], almost [ɛ] in Sheffield

-[eɪ] in plate is [e:], but in eight it is [ɛɪ]-[əʊ] is [o:] in boat but [ɔʊ] in know-[aɪ] and [aʊ] may become [ɑ:]-nurse, hear , word = square [eɛ]

-mostly non-rhotic, except those bordering on Lancashire-devoicing of voiced plosives before voiceless plosives- glottal stop for final t, in some speakers also for k- ɪn] in –ing, but [ƞg] in Sheffield-H-dropping-loss of final t, d, f and th in function words

Grammar:

-reduction of the definite article: t’ for the-the use of thou (tha’) and thee-relative clauses with what (instead of who, which, that)-negatives more contracted – int for isn’t, woun’t for wouldn’t

- owt and nowt for anything and nothing [aʊ] or [ɔʊ]-Right ‘really’-Nah then – as a greeting-Bloody – very common swear word-Give, gives > giz, take > tek, make > mek

-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7LgPvTYbw8

Other northern dialects:

Geordie, Northumbrian, Cumbrian, Mancunian,Scouse...

OE Northumbrian dialect

Irish, Scottish and Norse influence

similar phonemic and grammatical features as in Yorkshire

Northumbrian OE: many sound changes preserved in RP not completed or different in the north:OE hām > /he:m/ hame

no strut-foot split, no trap-bath split, smoothing of diphthongs

Celtic influence:

Cumbric dialect of Brythonic Celtic:Sheep-counting numerals (fell farming, knitting) Yan Tan TetheraYan ‘one’ in general use in CumbriaNorthern subject rule: They sing. The birds sings. It is you that sings.

Norse influence: Norwegians from Ireland via Isle of Man in 10th century to Cumbria,Danes mostly to East Riding (Yorkshire)

Norse still spoken in 12th c.beck ‘stream’laik ‘play’lowp ‘jumpfell ‘mountain’dale ‘valley’

Scottish influence:bairn ‘child’canny ‘pleasant’howay , howee ‘hurry up, come on’

Grammar:

• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s• levelling of was/were.

GEORDIE

“within spitting of theTyne”

Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed by George Stevensonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I-non-rhotic-yod-coalescence- t–glottalization-[ɪƞ] > [ən]-no strut-foot split-[aʊ] > [u:], [eʉ]-[aɪ] > [eɪ]--er [a] instead of [ə]

Grammar:

• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s• levelling of was/were.

GEORDIE

“within spitting of theTyne”

Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed by George Stevensonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I

Grammar:

• historical present with –s; habitual present with –s• levelling of was/were.

GEORDIE

“within spitting of theTyne”

Geordie < Georgie, very common name, also a safety lamp designed by George Stevensonhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qI05h_8Q6I-non-rhotic-yod-coalescence- t–glottalization-[ɪƞ] > [ən]-no strut-foot split-[aʊ] > [u:], [eʉ]-[aɪ] > [eɪ]--er [a] instead of [ə]

Cumbrian

Cumbric - Celtic, Cumbrian – English

• in some parts the cluster /cl-/ becomes /tl-/ > clean [tli:n]• in the north, the vowel in house [u:]• epenthesis of [ə] before l, r: feel, fool [fiəl], [fuəl] - like in Scottish• /k/ and /g/ dropped in final position• /r/ is /ɾ/, mostly non-rhotic

• you‘s for plural reference• the contracted to t‘ and often attached to the preceding word:

wherest = where is the...

SCOUSE

Liverpudliandifferent from the rest of Lancastrian accents,Scandinavian and Irish influence (sailors and traders)

until 1950‘s confined to Liverpoolslum clearances > neigbouring counties

scouse < meat stew, of Scandinavian origin

• very distinctive intonation• /k/ often becomes /kx/ or /x/• /θ/, /ð/ > /f/, /v/, /d/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIhFwLjsQug

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu9q_vedO7w

SCOTTISH ENGLISH

linguistic continuum:

Standard Scottish English ⇔ Broad (Braid) Scots (Doric)

Highland, Lowlands, Aberdeen – Edinburg – Glasgow

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Caledonia , Caledonians – indigenous inhabitants of Scotland in Iron Age and Roman era (Picts and fugitive Brythons) – north of Hadrian’s wall

Scotland < Scoti, a Celtic tribe in Ireland

5th century from Ireland to Argyll and west Pictland (Caledonia)

Dal Riata, Dalriade Argyll, Inner Hebrides, Antrim

5th – 9th century

golden age until 608, then defeated by Picts

from 900 united with Pictish land in the Kingdom of Alba (Albion)

12th century: David I of Scotlandexiled to England, influenced by Anglo-Norman culture

Davidian revolution – foundation of burghs, Gregorian reforms, monasteries, Norman type of feudalism

linguistic map of Scotland in early 12th and 14th centuries:(blue – Gaelic, purple/orange - Norse, lilac – Englishyellow Scots

In burghs: Scots 1603 – James VI of Scotland > James I of England (the Union of the Crowns)

Common features of Scottish dialects:

• rhotic (alveolar tap or trill)• witch and which are not homophones• no h-dropping• /x/ common in names borrowings from Gaelic or Scots• /p/, /t/, /k/ are not aspirated• no voicing of fricatives in unaccented position (with)

• vowel length the same, but Scottish Vowel Length Rule: pause : paws• no trap-bath split• strut-foot split, but no fool-full distinction

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAAOqjQCo0U

-/ei/ = /e/: bay, pair, gate-/ou/ = /o/ boat;

Grammar: Had you good time?I’m needing a cup of tea

Did you buy it yet?; He is here yet.

aye - yes, bairn – childbonnie - prettybrae - hill, bramble - blackberry, burn - stream,dram - drink, dreich - dull, folk - people,greet - weep loch - lake, kirk -churchmind - remember, muckle - bigprovost - mayor, wee - small, lass - girl, lad – boy…

• heavy influence of the conservative Doric accent of Scots

• rhotic, /r/ is an approximant, a tap or a trill, uvular common in some speakers• vocalisation of /l/• glottal stop common in younger speakers• /ʍ/ realized as [f] or [Φ]: /fu:/ who, /fɪt/ what, [faɹ] where...• fir, fur, fern have different vowels: /fɪɹ/, /fʌɹ/, /fɛɹn/

• <nch> : /nʃ/ branch• /gn/ gnaw, /kn/ know• /d/ dropped after /l/ or /n/: child, elder, find...• /w/ often /v/ in initial wr-

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDNN6NigGNM

Edinburg and Glasgow

closer to Standard Scottish

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FSWlfcg6oA

IRELAND

Bronze and Iron Age – several waves of Celtic immigration, the last to arrivewere Gaels (800-100 BC)

Greco-Roman geographers: micra Bretania, later Iwernia, Latinized Hibernia,Scotia

From 700 AD, the institution of “the High King of Ireland”, residing at Tara

early 5th century: conversion to Christianity – St Patrick, patron saintof Ireland

9th century – Viking raids – 840 Dublin (< Dubh Linn ‘black pool’)Baile Átha Cliath, Áth Cliath ‘town of the hurdled ford’

11th century – invasions of Norman and Welsh knights, Henry II accepted by many Irish kings as their overlordsupport of Pope Alexander II’s

the Norman–Irish feudal system replaced the Brehon Law

14th century – Black Death, Norman settlements in decline, Norman rule Gaelicised – Hiberno-Norman culture emergedStatutes of Kilkenny (1367)

the Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485)the House of Lancaster : the House of York (Henry VII – Richard III)

the Irish supported the losing side (House of York)

Henry VIII – proclaimed King of Ireland

Reformation – strongly resisted

English – the symbol of Protestantism

the Tudor conquest of Ireland, enforcement of the English Law

nine-year war (1594-1603) ended with the victory of the English

The Flight of the Earls – 1607

Tyrconnell (O’Donnells) Tyrone (O’Neills)

Ulster Plantation

English speaking, Protestant colonists from England and Scotland

1921 – the independence of Republic of Ireland

Gaeltacht

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlF4MTibBKQ

three varieties of “Irish English”:

Anglo-Irish: derived from the 17th century plantators’ English (West Midland)Hiberno-English: Gaelic ancestryUlster Scots

Hiberno English – Gaelic influence the strongest

Educated middle class IE: similar to Scottish English:

/e:/ instead of /eɪ/ in gate /ɛi/ instead of /aɪ/ in buy/o:/ instead of /əʊ/ in boat/æu/ instead of /aʊ/ in house/ɔɪ/ is almost /ai/ in oil/r/ is as in AmE; wh- and w- are distinctive.

Northern Irish: similar to Scottish English

- distinctive rising intonation - /a/ - more back before /f, s/, but /æ/ before /g, k, ƞ/: daft, class – back, bang

Dublin Irish: closer to West Midland (Bristol)- trap-bath split- no strut-foot split- /ai/ more like /ɔɪ/ - <th> often pronounced as dental stops- /p, t, k/ strongly aspirated

Grammar:

reduplication: at all at allI am, he is not for yes, noto be after doing sth – recent pastI have my breakfast eatenHe does be working every day.

Lexicon: bansheebogbrat (cloak)colleen (young woman)galore (< ga lor = till plenty)hooligan (< O‘Houlihan)lough (loch)

phoney slogan (< battle cry used by Gaelic)whisky (< uisce „water of life“)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlF4MTibBKQ