Wikipedia - Regional Accents of English

7/30/2019 Wikipedia - Regional Accents of English

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Regional accents of English

The regionalaccentsofEnglishspeakers show great variation across the areas where

Englishis spoken as a first language. This article provides an overview of the many

identifiable variations inpronunciation, usually deriving from thephonemeinventory ofthe localdialect, of the local variety ofStandard Englishbetween variouspopulationsof

native English speakers.

Local accents are part of localdialects. Any dialect of English has unique features in

pronunciation,vocabulary, andgrammar. The term "accent" describes only the first of

these, namely, pronunciation. See also:List of dialects of the English language.

Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over theintonationandphonemic

inventory from theirmother tongueinto their English speech. For more details seeNon-

native pronunciations of English.

Among native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents are

easily identified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the

regions identified below; for example, towns located less than 10miles(16km) from

the city ofManchestersuch asBolton,OldhamandSalford, each have distinct accents,

all of which form the Lancashire accent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be

noticed even by a non-local listener. There is also much room for misunderstanding

between people from different regions, as the way one word is pronounced in one

accent (for example,petalin American English) will sound like a different word in

another accent (for example,pearlin Scottish English).
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Britain and Ireland

Main article:British English

English accents and dialects vary widely acrossBritain. This may be related to the fact

that the language has its origins there and has been evolving there for many hundreds of

years.

England

Main article:English language in England

The main accent groupings withinEnglandare betweenNorthern EnglandandSouthern

England; the dividing line runs roughly fromShrewsburyto south ofBirminghamand

then toThe Wash.

For many years, theBBCand academic bodies employedReceived Pronunciationas a'standard', although this is no longer a requirement for broadcasting. Received

Pronunciation has its roots in the speech patterns of the counties just north of London,

where many of the monied classes in London originated from during the 16th and 17th

centuries, but is now more a marker of a particular social class than a region.

There is considerable variation within the accents of the English. Notable geographical

accents includeWest Country(the counties ofDevon,Somerset,Dorset,Wiltshire,

Oxfordshire,Gloucestershire,Avon(Bristol) andCornwall);North East England

(Northumberland,County Durham,Newcastle upon Tyne,Sunderland);North West

England(Cumbria,Lancashire, with regional variants inBolton,Manchester,Preston,

Blackpool,MerseysideandWigan);Yorkshire(which has differences between theNorth Riding of Yorkshire,West Riding of YorkshireandEast Riding of Yorkshire);

West Midlands(The Black Country,Dudley,Birmingham,Stoke-on-Trentand

Wolverhampton); the accents of the counties comprising theEast Midlands

(Nottingham,Derby,Leicester, andKettering) andEast Anglia(Norfolk,Suffolkand

Cambridgeshire). Even within these broad categories there are considerable differences

in inflection and pronunciation.

Ireland

Main article:Hiberno-English

Ireland has two main groups that may be differentiated between by outsiders owing to

the varying speech patterns/intonations of the two: (1) the flat, unfluctuating tone of

urban, working class Dublin City, characterised by a heavy influence from the

unchanging speech modes of the British aristocracy that governed Ireland from the

capital city for over 4 centuries; and, (2) the multi-toned (sing-song) speech of the

remainder 31 counties of the island, wherein the input of Scots, Huguenot French and

Spanish elements can be observed - depending on the region.However to insiders these

accents vary quite a lot from the perceived harshness of some Northern accents to the

sing-song of the accents of Cork and Kerry.
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Ulster

TheUlsteraccent has two main sub accents, namelyMid Ulster EnglishandUlster

Scots. The language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster, and in some

northern areas of bordering counties such asLouthandLeitrim. It bears many

similarities to Scottish English through influence fromUlster Scots, which has manydistinct characteristics and is often seen as a variety ofScots.

Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include:

As in Scotland, the vowels // and /u/ are merged, so that lookand Luke arehomophonous. The vowel is ahigh central rounded vowel,[].

The diphthong /a/ is pronounced approximately [], but wide variation exists,especially betweensocial classesinBelfast

In Belfast,/e/

is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g. day[d]

) but a rising

diphthong in closed syllables (e.g. daze[dez]). But the monophthong remains when

inflectional endings are added, thus daze contrasts with days[dz].

Thealveolar stops/t, d/ becomedentalbefore /r, r/, e.g. tree and spider /t/ often undergoesflappingto [] before anunstressedsyllable, e.g. eighty[ei]

Connacht, Leinster and Munster

The accent of these threeprovincesfluctuates quite a lot from the flat tone of themidlands counties of Laois, Kildare and Offaly,the perceived sing song of Cork and

Kerry to the soft accents of Mayo and Galway.

There is stereotypically a difference between the accents of theNorthside,Southside

and Westside of Dublin, but as each these areas have many working class and middle

class areas there is very little truth in this.

Historically the Dublin county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, became under heavy

exclusive influence from the first English settlements (known as The Pale). It remainedup until Independence from Britain as the biggest concentration of English influence in

the whole island.

Though big differences are obvious between the class divide -influence from the

original English settlers are seen in certain English-rooted colloquialisms (e.g.

"bleedin...") and certain vowel forms like ow (e.g. "I don't know" pronounced "I downt

now")- Dublin English is more similar to Estuary English in relative respect than say the

neighbouring counties of Leinster province where in general this would be pronounced

under the same general Southern accent. The flat intonation of the 'working-class'

Dublin accent remains an anomaly on the island with all other accents retaining the

signature Irish 'sing-song' intonation.
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The Corkonian accent has a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in

the trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork heavier emphasis yet is put on

the brrr sound to the letter R.

Similar to the Cork accent but without the same unmistakable intonation, Kerry puts

even heavier emphasis on the brrr sound to the letter R. For example: the word Forty.Throughout the south this word is pronounced whereby the r exhibits the typified Irish

brrr. In Kerry however (especially in rural areas) the roll on the r is enforced with

vibrations from the tongue (not unlike Scottish here). "Are you?" becomes a co-joined

"A-rrou?" single tongue flutter (esp. in rural areas). This extra emphasis on R also seen

in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West Cork in closer proximity

to Kerry.

Another feature in the Kerry accent is the S before the consonant. True to its Gaelic

origins like nowhere else in Ireland "s" maintains the shh sound as in shop or sheep. The

word Start becomes "Shtart". Stop becomes Shtop.

Irish Travellers

Irish Travellershave a very distinct accent closely related to a ruralHiberno-English.

Many Travellers who were born in parts of Britain have the accent, despite the fact that

they do not live in Ireland. They also have their own language which strongly links in

with their dialect/accent of English, seeShelta.

Scotland

Main article:Scottish English

With respect to phonology, Scottish English generally has the following characteristics:

Scottish English isrhotic;/r/ is most often an alveolar tap [], but a continuant [] similarto that of RP is also heard.

For most speakers, the short vowels /, , / are kept distinct before /r/, so that burn,earth, and birdhave three different vowels, unlike in most other accents.

The contrast between /o/ and // before /r/ (as in hoarse vs horse) is preserved. The contrast between /hw/ (as in which) and /w/ (as in witch) is preserved. There is no contrast between the vowel ofpull,footand that ofpool,food; the merged

vowel is typically a short, central [].

For many speakers, the vowel ofcotand that ofcaughtare merged, usually to []. For many speakers, there is no short A-broad A distinction, so thatpalm, trap and bath

have the same vowel, typically [a].

/l/ isdarkin all positions. Due to theScottish Vowel Length Rule,crude contrasts with crewed, needwith kneed

and side with sighed, the latter item in each pair having a longer vowel.

There are many different dialects and accents throughout Scotland not only betweenisland communities and the mainland but also between villages, towns and cities.
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Accents heard in the west (Glasgow) are noticeably different from those spoken in theeast (Edinburgh). Similarly, there are variations between the speech norms of the

south-east and those of the Outer Hebrides.

Wales

Main article:Welsh English

The accent of English inWalesis strongly influenced by the phonology of theWelsh

language, which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first or

second language. TheNorth Walesaccent is distinct fromSouth Walesand north east

Wales is influenced byScouseandCheshireaccents. South Wales border accents are

influenced byWest Countryaccents. TheWenglishof theSouth Wales Valleysshows a

deep cross-fertilisation between the two.

TheCardiff dialectand accent is also quite distinctive from that of theSouth Wales

Valleys, primarily:

The substitution of < i> by [1][2]o here [hi+ pronounced as *(h)j+ in the broader form

A more open pronunciation of as in love and other[2] is widely realised as giving a pronuncation ofCardiff*'kdf] as Kahdiff

*'kadf]

North America

Main article:North American English regional phonology

Main article:North American English

North American English is a collective term for the dialects of the United States and

Canada; it does not include the varieties ofCaribbean Englishspoken in the West

Indies.

Rhoticity and mergers before /r/. Most North American English accents differ fromReceived Pronunciation and some other British dialects by beingrhotic; the phoneme

/r/ is pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and the "r-colored

vowel" [] is used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words hardand singer

would be pronounced [hd] and [s] inReceived Pronunciation, they would be

pronounced [hd] and [s] inGeneral American. (Exceptions are certain traditional

accents found in easternNew England,New York City, and theSouthern United

States.) R-coloring has ultimately led to somephonemic mergersbefore historic /r/

that are unknown in most other native dialects: in many North American accents,

Mary, merryand marrysound the same, despite having different vowels in RP ([] ,

[] , [] respectively); likewise, hairyrhymes withferry, and nearerrhymes with

mirror.
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow


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Mergers of the low back vowels. Other North American mergers that are absent inReceived Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels ofcaughtand cot([kt] and

[kt] in RP) in many accents, and the merger offather(RP [f]) and bother(RP

[b]) in almost all.

Flat A. Most North American accents lack the so-calledtrap-bath splitfound inSouthern England: Words like ask, answer, grass, bath, staff, dance are pronounced

with the short-a // oftrap, not with the broad A // offatherheard in Southern

England as well as in most of the Southern hemisphere. (In North America, the vowel

offatherhas merged with that oflotand bother, see above.)

Flapping of /t/ and /d/. Another feature distinguishing North American English dialectsin general from British Received Pronunciation is the voicing orflappingof /t/ before

an unstressed vowel, causing the word betterto sound like "bedder" [bd] or [b].

The United States does not have a concrete 'standard' accent in the same way that

Britain hasReceived Pronunciation. Nonetheless, a form of speech known to linguists

asGeneral Americanis perceived by most Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a

person who speaks in such a manner does not appear to befrom anywhere. The region

of the United States that most resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern

Nebraska (including Omaha and Lincoln), southern and central Iowa (including Des

Moines), and western Illinois (including Peoria and the Quad Cities, but not the Chicago

area).

Canada

Main article:Canadian English

Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the

Maritimes, and Newfoundland.

The phonology ofWest/Central Canadian English, also called General Canadian, is

broadly identical to that of the Western US, except for the following features:

The diphthongs /a/ and /a/ are raised to approximately [] and [][3]beforevoiceless consonants; thus, for example, the vowel sound ofout[t] is different from

that ofloud[lad]. This feature is known asCanadian raising.

There is no contrast between the vowels ofcaughtand cot(cot-caught merger, asabove); in addition, the short a ofbatis more open than almost everywhere else in

North America [ ]. The other front lax vowels // and //, too, can be lowered

and/or retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled theCanadian Shift.

With respect to phonemic incidence, the pronunciation of certain words has American

and/or British influence. For instance,shone is /n/; been is often /bin/;process can be

either/pross/ or/prss/; etc.
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Words like drama,pyjamas,pasta tend to have // rather than //=//. Words like

sorrow,Florida, orange have /or/ rather than /r/; therefore,sorry rhymes withstory

rather than withstarry.

United StatesMain article:American English

West Indies and Bermuda

For discussion, see:

Bahamian English Bajan(acreole language) Bermudian English Caribbean English Jamaican English Trinidadian English

Southern Hemisphere

Australia

Main article:Regional variation in Australian English

The greatest variation inAustralian accentsis along educational and occupational lines,

expressed as threeclass-based accents:Broad Australian, General Australian and

Cultivated Australian. However, some regional variation has been documented.Generally, accents are found to be broadest in the more remote and rural areas.

A 1995 survey by D. Crystal of the usage of /a/ ("long a") and // in the same words

("graph", "chance", "demand", "dance", "castle", "grasp" and "contrast", across five

cities, found that /a/ was generally strongest inAdelaide, where it was used on average

88% of the time, and weakest inHobartat 39% (Crystal, 1995, Cambridge

Encyclopedia of the English Language).

Some people inVictoriahave a tendency to pronounce the vowel in words like dress,

bed and head as //. As a result, the words"celery" and "salary" are pronounced

alike.[4][5]InWestern Australia, a tendency to pronounce words such as "beer" with twosyllables (/bi./ or "be-ah"), in cases where other Australians use one syllable (/bi/),

has been noted.[6]

According to anecdote and stereotype,Queenslanderstend to use Broad Australian

more and todrawl, although this does not appear to have been verified by research, and

General and Cultivated accents are also widespread in Queensland.
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New Zealand

Main article:New Zealand English

TheNew Zealandaccent is distinguished from the Australian one by the presence of

"clipped" vowels, slightly resemblingSouth African English. Phonetically, these are

raised or centralised versions of the short "i" and "e" vowels, which in New Zealand are

close to [] and [] respectively rather than [] and []. New Zealand pronunciations are

often popularly represented outside New Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush

and chups", "yes" as "yiss", "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux". Scottish English influence is

most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand, notablyDunedin.

Geographical variations appear slight, and mainly confined to individual special local

words. One group of speakers, however, hold a recognised place as "talking

differently": the South of the South Island (Murihiku) harbours a "Celtic fringe" of

people speaking with a "Southland burr" in which a back-trilled 'r' appears prominently.

The area formed a traditional repository of immigration from Scotland.

The trilled 'r' is also used by some Mori, who may also pronounce 't' and 'k' sounds

without aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to 'd' and 'g'. This is also

encountered in South African English, especially amongAfrikaansspeakers.

South Atlantic

Falkland Islands

Main article:Falkland Islands English

TheFalkland Islandshave a large non-native born population, mainly from England,

but also fromSaint Helena. In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The

accent has resemblances to both Australia-NZ English, and that ofNorfolkin England,

and contains a number of Spanish loanwords.

Saint Helena

"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences ontheir accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa,

Australia, and New Zealand.

Television is a reasonably recent arrival there, and is only just beginning to have an

effect.

Southern Africa

South Africa

Main article:South African English
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South Africahas 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary

significantly between ethnic and language groups.[7]Native English speakers (white,

Indian andColouredorCape Coloured) in South Africa have an accent that generally

resembles BritishReceived Pronunciation(modified with varying degrees of Germanic

inflection due to Afrikaans). Native English speakers in South Africa may employ

Afrikaans andBantuloanwords into their speech.

"For `Coloureds' whose traditional language was Afrikaans, English has become increasingly

influential since the early nineteenth century (Mesthrie 1993). While complete language shift

to English has occurred among this group, this appears to be a trend only amongst more

affluent and educated individuals. In total, 51% of `Coloureds' indicated a speaking knowledge

of English in the 1991 census."

David H. Gough, English in South Africa[8]

The Coloured community are generally bilingual, however English accents are stronglyinfluenced by primary mother-tongue (Afrikaans or English). A range of accents can be

seen, with the majority of Coloureds showing a strongAfrikaansinflection. Similarly,

Afrikaners(and Cape Coloureds), both descendant of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to

pronounce English phonemes with a strongAfrikaansinflection. The English accents of

both related groups are significantly different and easily distinguishable (primarily

because of prevalentcode-switchingamongst the majority of Coloured English

speakers, particularly in theWestern CapeofSouth Africa). The range of accents found

amongst English-speaking Coloureds (from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured

English"[9]to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent) are of special

interest. Geography and education levels play major roles therein.

BlackAfricansgenerally speak English as a second language, and accent is strongly

influenced by mother-tongue (particularly Bantu languages). However, urbanmiddle-

classblack Africans have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as native

English speakers. Black, Indian and Coloured students educated in formerModel C

schools or at formerly white tertiary institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to

their white classmates.[10]Interestingly, code-switching and the "Cape Flats" accent are

becoming popular amongst white learners in public schools within Cape Town. This

trend appears to be similar to the adoption of urbanAfrican-Americanaccent and slang

by suburban or urban white children in the US.

South African accents also vary between major cities (particularly Cape Town, Durbanand Johannesburg) and provinces (regions).[11]Accent variation are also observed

within respective cities, for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs

(Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly

influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more affluent and populated by individuals

with tertiary education and higher incomes. The accents of native English speakers from

the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be more strongly

influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory

workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact

that Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or

failing economies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of

Johannesburg. The western suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which hasnow reverted to its old nameSophiatown, Westdene, etc) are predominantly Afrikaans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa


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speaking. In a similar fashion, people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas

in the Johannesburg area (such as Sandton, Linksfield or Victory Park) may have

accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.

Examples of South African accents (obtained fromhttp://accent.gmu.edu)

Native English: Male (Cape Town, South Africa) Native English: Female (Cape Town, South Africa) Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth, South Africa) Native English: Male (Nigel, South Africa) Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria, South Africa) Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa) Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa) Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane, South Africa)

Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found at

http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm

Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), the "colloquial" South

African English accent is often confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by

British and American English speakers.[12][13]

Zimbabwe

InZimbabwe, native English speakers (mainly the white and Coloured minority) have a

similar speech pattern to that ofSouth Africa. Hence those with high degrees of

Germanic inflection would pronounce 'Zimbabwe' aszim-bah-bwi, as opposed to the

African pronunciationzeem-bah-bweh.

Example of a Zimbabwean English accent (obtained fromhttp://accent.gmu.edu)

Shona (Primary): Female (Bulawayo, Zimbabwe)Namibia

NamibianEnglish tends to be strongly influenced by that ofSouth Africa.

Madagascar

Madagascarhas 3 official languages: Malagasy, French and English.MalagasyEnglish

is a combination of French and English due to the strong influence of French spreading

across the country.

Asia

Philippines

Main article:Philippine English
http://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=599http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=599http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=599http://accent.gmu.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-11http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/


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This section requiresexpansion.

Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time when it was

first introduced by the Americans during the colonization period to replace Spanish as

the dominant language used in politics.

Hong Kong

Main article:Hong Kong English

The accent of English spoken inHong Kongfollows mainly British, with rather strong

influence fromCantoneseon thepronunciationsof a few consonants and vowels, and

sentence grammar and structure. In recent years there are someCanadianandAustralian

influences, attributable to the return to Hong Kong of persons who had emigrated to

these countries.

Indian subcontinent

See also:Sri Lankan English,Pakistani English, andIndian English

A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken inSouth Asia. There are many

languages spoken in South Asia likeUrdu,Hindi,Punjabi,Sindhi,Balochi,Pashto,

Marathi,Assamese,Bengali,Maithili,Gujarati,Tamil,Telugu,Malayalam,Kannada,

Rajasthaniand many more, creating a variety of accents of English. Accents originating

in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features, including:

syllable-timing, in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable. Akin to theEnglish of Singapore and Malaysia. (Elsewhere, English speech timing is based

predominantly on stress);

"sing-song" pitch (somewhat reminiscent of those ofWelsh English).Malaysia

Main article:Malaysian English

English is thelingua francaofMalaysia, a former British colony.

The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, and Malay

influences.

Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation; for

example, an office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British

accent on the job than with friends or while out shopping.

syllable-timing, where speech is timed according to syllable, akin to the English of theIndian Subcontinent. (Elsewhere, speech is usually timed to stress.)

A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn out tones. Non-rhoticity, like most varieties ofEnglish language in England. Hence caughtand

courtare homophonous as /kt/ (in actuality, /k/ or /ko/, see "Simplification"

below); can'trhymes with aren't, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit


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The "ay" and "ow" sounds in raidand road(/e/ and /o/ respectively) are pronouncedasmonophthongs, i.e. with no "glide": [red] and [rod].

// is pronounced as [t] and // as [d]; hence, thin is [tn] and then is [dn]. Depending on how colloquial the situation is: manydiscourse particles, or words

inserted at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse andthe mood it conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc.

See also:Singapore EnglishandManglish

Singapore

Main article:Singapore English

Singapore is effectively a multi-lingual nation. TheSingapore governmentrecognises

fourofficial languages:English,Malay,Chinese (Mandarin), andTamil.

English is the first language of Singapore. Singapore is unique as it is the only countryin Asia which has English as its first language.

English is the language of instruction in all government schools. All students in

government schools are educated in English as their first language. Students in Primary

and Secondary schools also learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by

the Ministry of Education, where they are either taughtMandarin Chinese,Malayor

Tamil. A main point to note is while "Mother Tongue" generally refers to the first

language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the Ministry of Education to denote

the second language (L2).

There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore -Standard Singapore English

andSinglish.

A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main

language at home.[14]

There is a large number of foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in

Singapore are foreigners and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector.[15]

Therefore, it is very common to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English.

Most of these staff speak Mandarin Chinese. Those who do not speak Mandarin

Chinese tend to speak either broken English or Singlish, which they have learnt fromthe locals.

Some people mistake the Standard Singaporean accent as similar to the accent of

Malaysian English speakers but both accents are very different.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthong

Wikipedia - Regional Accents of English

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