England (15th Century)

• Began taking territories in North America (13 colonies)

• Trade routes in India

Netherlands (15th Century)

• Union of Utrecht (1579)• Taking land in North America (New

Netherlands/New York)• South Africa

The World: 1400 to 1600

Monarchies

• Absolute Monarchy– Spain and France – Consolidation of all power in the king– “Divine Right of Kings”

• Constitutionalism– England and The Netherlands– Placed limits on the monarchy

Ottoman Empire (1453-1918)

• Conquered Byzantine Empire in 1453• Suleiman the Great• Millet: non Muslim communities• Devshirme: system of conscripting Christian boys,

raising them as Muslims, and using them as soldiers– Janissaries– Sinan

• Beys- provincial governors• Vizier:Chief minister of an area

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

• Rulers of Persia• Abbas I• Ottoman-Safavid Conflicts

Mughal Empire (1483-1857)

• Descended from Mongols from Turkestan• Brought Persian influence to India– Babur: leader of Mughals, descendant of Ghengis

Khan– Shah Akbar: conquered more– Shah Jahan: built Taj Mahal

• f

Japan (1467)

• Tokugawa Shogunate– Feudal System: • Daimyos: feudal house• Samurai: warriors working for daimyos

• Forty Seven Samurai Revolt• 1616: Japan and West-– Killed all Christian missionaries– Expelled all westerners after 1638

Russian Empire

• 1480: Last Mongol Ruler expelled from Russia• Ivan III: kicked out all Mongols and united Russian

Kingdoms (1440-1505)• Ivan IV: continued policy of expansion (1547-1584)

– Killed many boyars (nobles)– Ivan the Terrible

• Both Emperors began to establish trade with European states– Kremlin (Russian Church): built by Italian artists

• Cossacks: nomadic descendants of peasants who ran away from feudalism

Peter the Great

• 1672-1725– Son of Michael Romanov, took crown after Ivan IV

• Attempt to bring Russia into being a modern European state

• St. Petersburg: “Window to the West”• Westernization

The World by 1750

Industrial Revolution

Everything will change….

Description of Industrial Revolution

• Steam Engine (1702) by Thomas Newcomen, perfected by James Watt (1763)– The Rocket: locomotive engine

• Textile Industry: (1733) fly shuttle: machine able to weave thread together

• Water Frame: water power spinning mill• Power Loom, Cotton Gin: helped fuel factories• Factory System: Manufacturing done in large

buildings for one particular product

Why it started in England:

• Lots and lots of rivers and streams • Lots of coal• Political stability from 1750 to 1900• Markets in their colonies

Railroads: revolution of travel

Trains!

Second Industrial Revolution

• 1870: also in Britain• Expansion of Railroads• Germany and United States overtake Britain as

industrial leaders (esp. Germany)

Industrialization and Globalism

• Increasing Industrialization created a demand for more raw materials

• Inequity in wealth between nations with industry and those nations supplying the raw materials– Banana Republics: countries exploited by

industrialized countries for single agricultural crop• Mercantilism: inspired Capitalism– Adam Smith: “Wealth of Nations”– Colonies supply raw materials and a source of taxes

British Empire

• India: American Civil War disrupted cotton trade, prompting a new source

• South Africa: Discovery of diamonds and gold by Cecil Rhodes in 1866 and 1867– 90% of diamonds in world mined in South Africa

within 10 years• f

Developments in Transportation

• Suez Canal: built in Egypt to allow trade from Mediterranean to Indian Ocean (1859-69)

• Panama Canal: built in South America for a Atlantic to Pacific passage (1904-14)

Global Trade

• Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Company (1865)– 1842: Hong Kong becomes a colony of Britain– Issued its own money backed by Great Britain – Made loans to China and Japan

• United Fruit Company – 1871: Minor Keith given contract to build a railroad across

Costa Rica– Planted banana trees on both sides– 1899: largest banana company in world– Fleet of steamships, 100 miles of railroad, plantations all

across Caribbean

1860’s: Other Nations Industrialize

• Japan vs. Russia

Russia:

• Tsar Alexander II: 1861 freed the serfs to own land– BUT, could not buy as individuals, still bound to the land

• Local councils regulated roads and made local decisions instead of aristocrats– BUT, had no say in national politics

• Tsar Alexander III: opposed to any economic reforms– Completed Industrialization– Trans-Siberian Railroad: across Russia

Japan

• Did not want to become a Banana Republic• Meiji Reforms: Japanese attempts to industrialize

and Westernize enough to keep out West• Taxed farmers to help pay for reforms– Promote industries: shipbuilding, chemicals, weaponry

• Farmers who lost land came to cities to be a cheap labor source

• 1900: Japan most industrialized nation in Asia

Consequences of Industrialization

• Changes in class structure – Upper-middle class: industrial business families– Working class: those who worked in factories (80% of

population• Majority of population moves to cities– Manchester, England: 1772-25,000; 1851-455,000

• Disrupted Gender Roles– More stable context– Women given more autonomy in home

• d

Revolutions!

Revolutions

• United States• Latin America• France• Haiti• China• Germany • Italy

Enlightenment• John Locke (1632-1704): “Two Treatises of Government”

– Natural Rights: all humans born with certain rights; Life, Liberty, Property– If governments do not respect people’s rights, governments lose legitimacy

• Voltaire– Attacked religion as superstition– Government only thing in life people should control– Promoted rational thought

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau– Education should be left to nature

• Baron De Montesquieu– “Spirit of the Laws”– Dissected various kinds of gov’t– Checks and Balances– Separation of Powers

United States Revolution(1776-1789)

• 13 British Colonies in North America• Seven Years War

– Costly war against French Canada– Attempt to tax colonists to pay for war

• Declaration of Independence– Thomas Jefferson– Influenced by John Locke– Social Contract, need for separation

• Articles of Confederation– Attempt to unify government into one government to fight the British but still

maintain autonomy of states • Constitution of 1789

– Constitution of USA– Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances– Bill of Rights: list of guaranteed rights under the Constitution

French Revolution(1789-1814)

• French crown broke• Attempt to reform tax structure• Estates-General

– 1st Estate: clergy, 2nd Estate: nobles, 3rd Estate: commoners• “What is the 3rd Estate?” Abbe Seiyes, 3rd Estate is France

and deserves all power• National Assembly: 3rd Estate form themselves as National

Legislature• Storming of Bastille: official beginning of French Revolution• Declaration of the Rights of Man: list of goals for new

constitution

Haitian Revolution(1791-1804)

• Francois Dominique Toussaint: leader of slave revolt– Maroons: escaped slaves

• January 1, 1804: Haiti becomes independent

Revolutions in Latin America• Gran Colombia (1821): Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama

– 1821: gains independence from Spain– Simon Bolivar: First President– 1826: regional revolts– 1830: Gran Colombia breaks up

• Mexico (1810)– Miguel Hidalgo: rebellion against Spanish, also fought against white leaders of Mexico

(creoles)– Augusto Iturbide: Creole general fought Spanish and declared himself Emperor of Mexico

(Augustus I)– Benito Juarez (1857): President of Mexico- tried to limit the power of the Catholic Church

• Confiscated Church lands• Tried to give more rights to the native people of Mexico

• Brazil– French invasion of Portugal (1807), (Napoleon)– Royal family flees to Brazil– Son of royal family returns at end of Napoleonic Wars

China• Taiping Rebellion (1840’s)

– Hong Xiuquan: failed Civil Service Exams twice– Formed new Christian sect, God Worshipers– Overthrow of Qing Dynasty would bring Kingdom of Heaven– 1850: attack by Chinese was repulsed– 1851: Kingdom of Heavenly Peace founded, China in era of Taiping, Peace– 1864: Hong committed suicide

• Self Strengthening Movement– Response to Opium Wars– Attempts to Westernize– Failure: could not see importance of western political structures, US and British encroaching continuing to

weaken China• Boxer Rebellion (1900)

– Society of Harmonious Fists– Shadow Boxing: made them impervious to bullets– Attacked embassies in Beijing– Eight Power Allied Forces: Britain, Germany, Japan, Russia, and US; invaded Beijing and put down

rebellion– Open Door Policy: allow all nations access to Chinese markets

Age of Isms

Imperialism

• British in India: – East India Tea Company: established trading posts in

Bombay, Madras, Calcutta– Slowly extended rule further into India– 1757: defeated ruler of Bengal– 1765: acquired right to collect taxes for Mughal Emperors– 1850s: Britain had established de-facto rule over most of

India – 1857: Sepoy Mutiny- 90,000 British trained Indian soldiers

(Hindu and Muslim) fought against British rule• Sepoys lose: final end for Mughal Empire, 1858, British Queen

Victoria becomes Empress of India

Imperialism

• British in Egypt:– Muhammad Ali: pasha of Egypt under Ottomans– 1881: British occupy Egypt to ensure access to

Suez Canal

Opium Wars

• Chinese had a trade imbalance on Western products (China didn’t want Western products, but the West wanted Chinese)

• Opium only product China wanted, illegal for Europeans to trade• British smuggle Opium from India• 1839: Chinese burn British storehouses in Canton to stop

smuggling Opium• 1842: British declare war on China

– Treaty of Nanjing: forced China to open ports and gave Hong Kong to Britain

• 1856: Second Opium War– Opened new ports in China and allowed foreigners to travel in China

without a passport

Scramble for Africa

• Congo (central Africa)- conquered by Belgium (Belgian Congo)

• South Africa: British and Dutch• West Africa: France• Berlin West Africa Conference: (1884-85)- any

European country could found a colony in an “unclaimed” territory as long as it let other nations know its intentions

The World By 1900

French In Asia

• Vietnam: to protect Christian missionaries, French occupy Saigon

• 1887: French Indochina- Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

United States and Imperialism

• Louisiana Purchase• Treaty of Hidalgo: (1848) Bought from Mexico Texas,

California, New Mexico through war (Mexican American War

• Manifest Destiny: US right to own all of North America, white people need to control North America

• 1867: bought Alaska from Russia• 1893: overthrew Hawaiian queen Lili’uokalani

– US annexed islands in 1898• Spanish American War: (1899)

– US takes Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam

Japan Imperialism

• 1879: Japan expands to other islands• 1894: Sino-Japanese War (like Opium War)

Japan beats China– Takes control of Korea

• 1804: Russo-Japanese Wars: Japan defeats Russians (first time non-white power defeats a white power)

Russian Imperialism

• 1877-1878: Russo-Turkish Wars– Russians fight with Ottoman Empire for

domination of Balkan areas– Montenegro, Serbia, Romania gain independence

• Pan-Slavic movement: unite Slavic people under control from Ottomans and Austro-Hungarian Empire

Nationalism

Italian Unification

• Camillo Benso di Cavour: Chief minister of Kingdom of Sardinia– Made kingdom of Sardinia more powerful in order

to take rest of Italy• Giuseppe Garibaldi: revolutionary fighting for

a stronger Italy• 1870: Italy unified, Rome is its capital

German Unification

• Otto Von Bismarck: Chief minister of Prussia• Formed Northern Confederation of northern

German states• 1870: Southern states join with Northern

Confederation

1914-1918: World War 1

• Machine Guns• Trench Warfare

1919: Russian Revolution

• Russian Empire is overthrown: Soviet Union replaces it

• Communist Government• Vladimir Lenin: Revolutionary Leader of

Bolsheviks– Josef Stalin: succeeds Lenin as leader of Soviet

Union• d

Josef Stalin: Industrialization of USSR

• Five Year Plan: attempt to industrialize Soviet Union

1929-1939: Great Depression

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Social Security

1931-1945: World War 2

• Adolf Hitler– SS– Gestapo– Holocaust

• Benito Mussolini• Franklin D Roosevelt– D-day– Atomic Bomb

International Movements

• United Nations– Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• European Union• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• World Trade Organization (WHO)• World Trade Organization (WTO)• NAFTA• Green Peace International • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Cold War WorldDe-Colonization

De-Colonization

• Crash Course Video:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_sGTspaF4Y

De-Colonization: Africa

Before 1945 After 1945

Indian Independence

• Mahatma Ghandi– Led cultural movement

in India to independence from British Raj

• Jawarhal Nehru– Led independence

movement through political movements

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah– Leader of Muslim League

in India

Partition of India

De-Colonization: Asia

De-Colonization: World

1945-1992: Cold War• Comintern• US vs. USSR

– Containment– Domino Theory– Berlin Wall (Iron Curtain, NATO, Warsaw Pact)– Korean War– 38th Parallel– Vietnam War– Bay of Pigs– Fidel Castro– Cuban Missile Crisis– Soviet War in Afghanistan– James Bond?

• Chinese Communist Revolution (1949)

Pan Arabism

• Desire for all Arab Speaking nations to unify under one government

• Arab nationalism

Post Cold War World

2001-present War on Terror

• 9/11• Osama Bin Ladin• Afghanistan (product of Cold War)– Taliban – Northern Alliance

• Iraq• George W. Bush• Barack Obama– Drone Strikes

Muslim nations today:

• Dar Al Islam: Nations of Arab World; Muslims can practice freely, majority of Muslims living in that particular nation, ruling gov’t is Muslim

Other important events:

• BP Oil Spill (2010)• Fukushima Daiichi (2011)• Global Warming• NAFTA