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EMERGING NON-THERMALTECHNOLOGY
Course onCourse onFood Processing Machineries and EquipmentFood Processing Machineries and Equipment
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD PROCESSING
DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTFAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#
PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#
'()*'()*
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Processes
+ Thermal processi!, use arge amount o.energ/ that is random in e..ect , ma/ causeman/ other reactions in a .ood0 1hie some are
desira2e0 some are un1anted3 e3g34 Micro1a5e0Ohmic heating0 Dieectric0 In.rared0 Radio.requenc/3
+ No-"hermal Processi! # .oods areprocessing at reduced temps 6ma/ use acom2ination o. sight/ ee5ated temps pus thisadditiona treatment7
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!trateg/
+ $urde concept - se a com2ination o.ess intensi5e treatments 6compared toheating7 to produce a sa.e0 sta2e higher
quait/ product3
+ This mandates the com2ination o.
treatments, E3g3 process pus re.rigeration0 p$ reduction0
controed atmosphere storage0 1ater acti5it/0or preser5ati5es
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Non-therma techniques
)7 $igh h/drostatic pressures 6studied as ear/ as )899 , .ound pressuresca3 :08(( atmospheres stopped grape .ermentation7
'7 Osciating magnetic .ieds 6studies on the gro1th o. /easts and 2acteriain )9*8
*7 Intense ight puses 6reati5e/ ne1 concept7
;7 $igh intensit/ pused eectric .ieds 6mi< pasteuri=ed 1ith eectricit/ in)9*>7
>7 Irradiation 62een around man/ /ears , timing3 Pro2em FDA considersirradiation a ?.ood additi5e? 1hich means it must 2e a2eed as 2eingirradiated7
:7 Chemicas 6sugar0 sat0 5inegar , odest techniques
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CHAPTER 3
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS,
Co$rse o
Foo% Processi! Machieries a% E&$ipme"
DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#
PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#
'()''()'
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P'LSED ELECTRIC FIELDS
+ Ear/ use 1as ust to produce heating ,
ohmic heating
+ Recent - static or osciating eectric .ieds
6>-*(
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Micro-organisms
+ is 5egetati5e ces , not spores
+$o1, Formation o. pores in ce mem2ranes , ces
s1e and rupture
, Eectro/sis products are toBic
, OBidationreduction processes disrupt cestructure
, $eat .rom process
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i
&er/ dependent upon .ood and process
Ma/ or ma/ not ha5e an e..ect on
en=/mes
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ene.its
+ Energ/ e..icient
+ "itte e..ect on coor0 .a5or0 nutrients
+ No e5idence o. negati5e heath e..ects+ &er/ rapid treatment
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ea
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Micro2ia i
+ is micro-organisms 2/ com2ination o.
photochemica and phototherma e..ects
, & a2sor2ed in protein and nuceic acids ,
disrupts ceuar meta2oism at high e5es
6aso 1oud a..ect .oods as 1e , oBidation7
, "ight is energ/ , heat generated in .ood 5er/rapid/
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Appications
+ !terii=ation o. pac
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OT$ER EMERGING
TEC$NO"OGIE!
+ Thermosoi+ica"io, treatment o. .ood
1ith utrasound 6'(
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CHAPTER 4FOOD IRRADIATION
Co$rse o
Foo% Processi! Machieries a% E&$ipme"
DEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#FAC"T# OF AGRO-IND!TRIA" TEC$NO"OG#
PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#PAD%AD%ARAN NI&ER!IT#
'()''()'
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.ha" is Foo% Irra%ia"io/
+ A technoog/ .or controing spoiage
and eiminating .ood-2orne pathogens3/ using the energ/ o. ioni=ing
radiation3
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Pas"e$ri0a"io a% Irra%ia"io
+ Pasteuri=ation and irradiation are aso
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Pas"e$ri0a"io a% Irra%ia"io
The .undamenta di..erence is the source
o. the energ/ the/ re/ on to destro/ themicro2es3
+ Pasteuri=ation reies on heat
+ Irradiation reies on the energ/ o.ioni=ing radiation
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The proce%$re
+ The .ood is eBposed to ionising radiation0
either .rom gamma ra/s or a high energ/eectron 2eam or po1er.u H-ra/s3
+ The ra/s pass through the .ood 2ut the
.ood does not heat up to an/ signi.icant eBtent3
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The proce%$re
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Co1al"-23 Gamma so$rces
Co1al"-23has se5era ad5antages4
+ p to 9> o. its emitted energ/ is a5aia2e .or
use
+ Penetrates deep/
+ #ieds su2stantia uni.ormit/ o. the dose in the
.ood product+ Deca/s to non-radioacti5e nic
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Co1al"-23 Gamma so$rces
Disad5antages4
+ Co2at-:( ?pencis? require .requentrepenishment
+ Treatment o. the .ood is reati5e/ so1
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Co1al"-23 Gamma so$rces
+ Cesium-)*@ is a gamma source that is
aso used .or irradiation3+ Cesium-)*@ has a ess penetrating
gamma 2eam and a onger ha.-i.e0
ma
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Co1al"-23 Gamma so$rces
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Elec"ro 4eam Facili"ies
+ Elec"ro 1eam.aciities generate e-
2eams 1ith an eectron 2eam inearacceerator3
+ The eectrons are concentrated and
acceerated to 99 o. the speed o. ightand energies o. up to )( Me&3
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Elec"ro 4eam Facili"ies
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Elec"ro 4eam Facili"ies
Ad5antages4
+ The/ can 2e turned on on/ as needed+ The/ do not require repenishment o.
the source as does co2at-:(
+ There is no radioacti5e 1aste
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%Elec"ro 4eam Facili"ies
Disad5antages4
+ !hao1 depth o. penetration+ E-2eams must 2e con5erted to H-ra/s to
penetrate arge items such as carcasses
+ $igh eectric po1er consumption
+ CompeBit/0 and potentia/ high maintenance
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The so$rce o+ ra%ia"io $se%5-Ra Facili"ies
+ 5-ra.aciities use an eectron 2eam
acceerator to target eectrons on a meta pate3
+ !ome energ/ is a2sor2ed0 the rest is con5erted
to H-ra/s3
+ H-ra/s are penetrating0 and can 2e used on .ood
2oBes )> inches thic< or more3 This ao1s .oodto 2e processed in a shipping container3
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Dose a% e++ec" o+ ra%ia"io
The JDoseK is the amount o. radiation
a2sor2ed 2/ the .ood and it is not the sameas the e5e o. energ/ transmitted .rom the
radiation sources
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Dose a% e++ec" o+ ra%ia"io
Low Dose,
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Dose a% e++ec" o+ ra%ia"io
Medium Dose, 1-10kGy
+ Contro Salmonella, Shigella, Campylabacter,Yerisinia, Listeria and E.coli in meat0 poutr/ and
.ish
+ Dea/ mod gro1th on stra12erries and other
.ruits
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Dose a% e++ec" o+ ra%ia"io
Hi! Dose, "10kGy
+ i microorganisms and insects in spices+ Commercia/ sterii=e .oods0 destro/ing a
microorganisms o. pu2ic heath concern 6i3e30
specia diets .or peope 1ith 1ea
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Classi+ica"io o+ irra%ia"io o++oo%s
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Irra%ia"io o+ +oo%s ca 1e classi+ie%
as6
+ Ra%$ri0a"io, radiation pasteurization
- "o1 dose 4 (3; to )(
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Irra%ia"io o+ +oo%s ca 1e classi+ie%
as6
+ Ra%ici%a"io, radiation disinfection
- "o1 dose 4 ' to 8
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Irra%ia"io o+ +oo%s ca 1e classi+ie%
as6
+ Ra%apper"i0a"io, radiation sterilization
- $igh dose 4 )( to >(
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Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill1ac"eria /
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Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill 1ac"eria
/
+ $igh energ/ 2rea
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Ho) %oes irra%ia"io 7ill 1ac"eria
/
+ Organisms that are responsi2e .or
spoiing .oods - such as insects0 moudsand 2acteria incuding some important
.ood poisoning 2acteria - can 2e
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The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo%irra%ia"io
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The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo% irra%ia"io
+ EBtended she. i.e o. some products+
"ess .ood spoiage+ Reduced ris< o. .ood-2orne diseases
caused 2/ micro-organisms0 such as
Campylobacter0 Salmonella, E coli and
Listeria6especia/ in meat0 poutr/ and
.ish7
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The 1ee+i"s o+ +oo% irra%ia"io
+ "ess need .or pesticides+
"ess need .or some additi5es0 such aspreser5ati5es and antioBidants+ "o1er ris< o. importing or eBporting insect
pests hidden inside .ood products
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Di++eri! e++ec" o +oo%
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Di++eri! e++ec" o +oo%
+ !ome .oods0 such as dair/ .oods and
eggs0 cannot 2e irradiated 2ecause it causes changes in .a5our or teBture3
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Di++eri! e++ec" o +oo%
+ The process aters the nutrient content o.
some .oods 2ecause it reduces the e5e o.
some o. the -group 5itamins0 2ut this oss
is simiar to other accepted .ood processing
techniques0 such as canning or 2anching3
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The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"iosm1ol
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The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"io
sm1ol
JThe Ra%$raK
Treated 1ith Radiation
Treated 2/ Irradiation
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The i"era"ioal +oo% irra%ia"io
sm1ol