Post on 15-Mar-2016
description
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-Efficiency of Take-Back and Recycling
A comprehensive and quantitative approach
Jaco Huisman, Ab Stevels
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Outline
1. Methodology– QWERTY:
Recyclability from an environmental perspective?– EE: Eco-Efficiency:
Relation environment and economics?
2. Requirements3. Examples4. Eco-efficiency directions5. Conclusions
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Why QWERTY? (Quotes for environmentally Weighted RecyclabiliTY)
General Idea:Replace ‘weight’ by ‘environmental weight’:• Environmental value of disposed products• Optimal recycling routes• Priorities of different materials• How effective are proposed recycling targets and
treatment rules?
Environmental description of the end-of-life chain
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
QWERTY: Basic Idea
All materials recovered, best case
All materials to worst case end-of-life route
100%
QWERTY score
0%
Minimum environmental impact
Actual environmental impact
Maximum environmental impact
QWERTY
QWERTYloss
All materials recovered, best case
All materials to worst case end-of-life route
100%
QWERTY score
0%
Minimum environmental impact
Actual environmental impact
Maximum environmental impact
QWERTY
QWERTYloss
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Why Eco-Efficiency of End-of-Life?Authorities/ LegislatorsMeaningful criteriaPolicy per product categoryMonitor performance
Designer Evaluate (re)design
NGO’s/ Customer organizationsGreen demands and corresponding price tags
ProducersCalculate End-of-Life costsAudit recyclers
ConsumersEnvironmental value for money
RecyclersCalculate tariffsTechnology improvement Economic description of
the end-of-life chain
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
How to Quantify Eco-Efficiency?
Environmental gain
(€)
Costs
Environmental burden
(mPts)
Revenues
PositiveEco-efficiency
BALANCEmPt/€
NegativeEco-efficiency
BALANCE€/mPt
Environmental gain
(€)
Costs
Environmental burden
(mPts)
Revenues
PositiveEco-efficiency
BALANCEmPt/€
NegativeEco-efficiency
BALANCE€/mPt
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Requirements
Data (Dutch take-back system):1. Product compositions2. Disassembly/ shredding and separation 3. LCA methods and standard databases4. Collection rates, transport distances, costs 5. Recovery processes: metal smelters etc. 6. Final waste processing: emissions and
penalties
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Examples
1. ‘Weight’ (MRE) versus ‘Environmental Weight’ (QWERTY)
2. Contribution of processes3. Plastic recycling or separate treatment of
cellular phones4. Design strategies5. Plastic recycling versus size of housings
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Contribution of materials (cellular phone)
WEIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL WEIGHT
Copper
Palladium
Gold
QWERTY composition Weight composition
Glass
Copper
Plastics
Zinc
Other
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Contribution of processes (cellular phone)
-150-100-50050
Pd
Au
Copper
Ni
Sn
Ag
Aluminium
Plastics Al smelter gain
Al smelter burden
Cu smelter gain
Cu smelterburden
Incineration gain
Incinerationburden
Environmental burden (mPts) Environmental gain
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Plastic recycling and separate treatment (cellular phone)
-€ 1,00
-€ 0,75
-€ 0,50
-€ 0,25
€ 0,00
€ 0,25-200-150-100-50050
MSW
Regulartreatment
Separatetreatment
Plastic recycling
Revenues
(€)
Costs
Environmental loss (mPts) Environmental gain
1 3
2
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Design Strategies (DVD player)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
Best Case Worst Case Recycling
Sn
Pd
Pb
Au
Plastics
Ferro
Copper
Environmental burden (mPt)
Environmental gain (mPt)
1
2
3
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
00,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
mPts/€
Weight housings (kg)
'Eco-efficiency'
Plastic recycling versus size of housings
Large sized
Medium sized
Small sized
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-efficiency directions
Environmental gain
(€)
Costs
Environmental burden
(mPts)
Revenues
ENCOURAGE
AVOID
A
B CD
BALANCE
BALANCE
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-efficiency directions: ENCOURAGE
Direction:1. Increase collection rates precious dominated
products2. Separate collection system for precious
dominated products 3. Plastic recycling large sized housings, already
disassembled
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-efficiency directions: AVOID
Direction:1. Incineration without energy recovery 2. Residue fractions with low plastic content send
to the cement industry
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
0 1000 2000 3000
Increase collection metal dominated products
Increase glass recycling 15% to 70%
Increase collection rates glass dominated products
Plastic recycling medium sized housings (1-2,5 kg)
Plastic recycling small sized housings (0-1kg)
Environmental gain in mPts per € invested
Eco-efficiency directions: BALANCE
High priority
Low priority
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Conclusions (Policy Strategies)
Problem:End-of-life treatment has to do with material
compositions and not with categoriesSolution:Review (current EU) policy strategies
1. Drastically review recycling targets2. Apply differentiated collection rates 3. Apply certain outlet rules4. Discard most of the current treatment rules and apply
certain new ones
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Further applications
1. Audit and improve recycler performance2. Monitoring take-back systems as a whole3. Evaluate design strategies and life-cycle
perspective4. Award good ecodesign of individual products
in a collective system5. Broader regional and product scope
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
More information about this presentation
or the Ph.D. thesis:
J.Huisman@io.tudelft.nl
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Extra Slides
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Contribution of materials (DVD player)
MRE definition QWERTY definition
Copper
Plastics
Ferro
Tin
Ferro
Other
Copper
Plastics
Gold
Lead
Palladium Aluminium
Weight composition Environmental weight composition
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Environmental contribution of processes
-250-200-150-100-50050100
Copper
Sn
Ferro
Plastics
Aluminium
Pd
Pb
Au Fe smelter gain
Fe smelter burden
Al smelter gain
Cu smelter gain
Cu smelter burden
Incineration gain
Incineration burden
Environmental burden (mPts) Environmental gain
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Net Environmental ImpactCollection and "recycling" Transport 5,6
Shredding + sep. 2,68,3
Final waste Incineration + e 0,70,7
Secondary material Cu smelter -94,3 processing Al smelter -7,7
Ferro smelter -71,3 -173,4
Total -164,4 -164,4
Example: Environmental impacts/ stage
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Net Costs/ RevenuesCollection and "recycler" Transport and collection € 0,32
Shredding + sep. € 0,36Sorting and handling € 0,18
€ 0,86Final waste Incineration + e € 0,06
€ 0,06Secondary material Cu smelter -€ 0,36processing Al smelter € 0,00
Ferro smelter -€ 0,10-€ 0,45
Total € 0,47 € 0,47
Example: DVD player, Integral CostsExcluding consumer to
retailer/ municipality costs (to EUR 1,66)
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
DVD player: Eco-efficiency direction
Environmental gain
Costs
Environmental burden
(mPts)
Revenues
+10 -160
€ 0,53
€ 0,47
€ 0,00
0
MSW
Recycling
Environmental gain
Costs
Environmental burden
(mPts)
Revenues
+10 -160
€ 0,53
€ 0,47
€ 0,00
0
MSW
Recycling
ENCOURAGE
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Evaluation of Redesign DVD player
(500)
(400)
(300)
(200)
(100)
-
100
200
Originaldesign best
caseNew designbest case
Originaldesign worst
caseNew designworst case
Originaldesign
recyclingscenario
New designrecyclingscenario
Cl
Br
Cr
Bi
Sb
Ceramics
Other
Ni
Ag
Zn
Aluminium
Pb
Sn
Pd
Au
Plastics
Copper
Ferro
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-efficiency of different EOL options
€ 0,00
€ 0,50
€ 1,00
€ 1,50
€ 2,00
€ 2,50
-400-300-200-1000100
State-of-the-artrecycling, (100%collection)Incineration, noenergy recovery
Incineration, energyrecovery
Controlled Landfill
20% collection
plastic recyclinghousings
Revenues
(€)
Costs
Environmental loss (mPts) Environmental gain
Soundmachine: Plastic Recycling? (EI’99)
BEST CASE! (under economies of scale realized)
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Soundmachine: Material Selection
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
Best Case,plastic
Best Case,Fe
Best Case,Al
Recycling,plastic
Recycling,Fe
Recycling, Al
Aluminium
Ferro
Copper
Plastics
Sn
Pd
Pb
Environmental costs (mPt)
Environmental gain (mPt)
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Eco-efficiency of different EOL options
€ 0,00
€ 1,00
€ 2,00
€ 3,00
€ 4,00
€ 5,00
€ 6,00
€ 7,00
-800-600-400-2000200
State-of-the-art recycling
Incineration, no energyrecovery
Incineration, energyrecovery
Controlled Landfill
60% collection, 31%incineration, 9% landfill
Increased glass recycling(15% tot 70%)
Plastic recycling housings
Revenues
(€)
Costs
Environmental loss (mPts) Environmental gain
1
2
3
4
Glass recycling 17”Monitor?
(15 kg, glass: 9,5 kg; increase glass recycling 15% to 70%)
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Prediction eco-efficiency different products
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Changing Logistics: ‘Pick-up on demand’
0
10
20
30
40
50-2000-1500-1000-5000
Currently, 60% collection CRT, 15%other browngood
Collection at households, 60%collection CRT, 15% otherbrowngood
Collection at households, 62,5%collection CRT, 30% otherbrowngood
Collection at households, 65%collection CRT, 45% otherbrowngood
Revenues
(106 €)
Costs
Environmental loss (106 mPts) Environmental gain
Delft University of TechnologyIndustrial Design Engineering Design for Sustainability Program
Conclusions (Methodology)
1. An end-of-life chain approach and evaluation is the first requirement
2. It is possible to monitor eco-efficiency of take-back systems and single products quantitatively
3. It is possible to quantify the contribution of different actors and stakeholders
4. It is possible to set priorities regarding materials and end-of-life options (where to invest first?)
5. It is possible to quantify how much “environmental improvement” for “money invested” is realized