Put words into spoken form rather than Put words into spoken form rather than printed form whenever the graphic printed form whenever the graphic

(animation, video, or series of static fames) is (animation, video, or series of static fames) is the focus of the words and both are the focus of the words and both are

presented simultaneously…avoid e-learning presented simultaneously…avoid e-learning courses that contain crucial multimedia courses that contain crucial multimedia

presentations where all words are in printed presentations where all words are in printed rather than spoken form.rather than spoken form.

Reference:Reference:Clark, Ruth C. & Mayer, Richard E., (2006) Clark, Ruth C. & Mayer, Richard E., (2006) e-Learning and the Science of e-Learning and the Science of

InstructionInstruction. California: Pfeiffer.. California: Pfeiffer.