Post on 16-May-2015
TOPIC:
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew_______________________________________
Presenter: Mark Barnett
AREA MANAGER KSAT, NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION,
JAMAICA
Objectives:
• Identify and highlight the severity of the drought on KSA• Assess the multi-dimensional impacts on KSA and the NWC• Identify mitigation measures implemented by NWC. • Identifies lessons learnt and preventative mechanisms to be adopted. • Recommend improvement strategies to mitigate reoccurrence
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
________________________________________
Methodology:
• Literature Review• Reviewing of Government Agencies Unpublished Reports• First Hand Experience
• Meteorological drought A deficiency in precipitation extended over a long period
• Hydrological drought departure of surface and subsurface water supplies from some average condition at various points in time
Definition of Droughts:
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
________________________________________
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________ Percentage of Normal for 2
Consecutive Months Drought Condition or Status
20% or less Extreme Drought 21% to 40% Severe Drought 41% to 60% Normal Drought Above 60% No Drought
Extreme Drought Severe Drought Normal Drought No Drought
August Clarendon
September Clarendon St. Mary & St. Thomas
October
Portland, St. Mary St. Thomas
November
St. Thomas, Clarendon, St. Mary, KSA and Portland
December St. Thomas
January KSA (New Castle)
February KSA
March ClarendonSt. Mary, St. Thomas & Portland
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Monthly Rainfall Measured in St. Mary
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
Rain Fall
30yr Average 1950-1980
30 yr Average 1971- 2000
Rainfall Measured in Portland
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
Rain Fall
30yr Average 1950-1980
30 yr Average 1971- 2000
Rainfall Measured in KSA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
Rain Fall
30yr Average 1950-1980
30 yr Average 1971- 2000
Rainfall Measured in St. Thomas
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
Rain Fall
30yr Average 1950-1980
30 yr Average 1971- 2000
Rainfall incidence for parishes contributing to KSA Streamflows
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Streamflows for Rivers Contributing to KSA Water Supplies
Wag Water River Blakes Bridge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
01
-Ja
n-0
8
01
-Fe
b-0
8
03
-Ma
r-0
8
03
-Ap
r-0
8
04
-Ma
y-0
8
04
-Ju
n-0
8
05
-Ju
l-0
8
05
-Au
g-0
8
05
-Se
p-0
8
06
-Oct-
08
06
-No
v-0
8
07
-De
c-0
8
07
-Ja
n-0
9
07
-Fe
b-0
9
10
-Ma
r-0
9
10
-Ap
r-0
9
11
-Ma
y-0
9
11
-Ju
n-0
9
12
-Ju
l-0
9
12
-Au
g-0
9
12
-Se
p-0
9
13
-Oct-
09
13
-No
v-0
9
14
-De
c-0
9
Date
Q [
cu
me
cs
]
Daily Discharge
Average Daily Discharge (1976-2009)
Rainy Season 2009
Rainy Season 2008
Water Resources Authority, 2010
Hope River Gordon Town Daily Discharge
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan-08
Jan-08
Mar-08
Mar-08
Apr-08
May-08
Jun-08
Jul-08
Aug-08
Sep-08
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Jan-09
Feb-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Date
Q [
cu
mecs]
Daily Discharge
Average Daily Discharge (1955-2009)
Rainy Season 2009
Rainy Season 2008
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Streamflows for Rivers Contributing to KSA Water Supplies
Water Resources Authority, 2010
Streamflows for Rivers Contributing to KSA Water Supplies
Yallahs River/Negro River above NWC Intake (Spot Measurement)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
27
/02
/20
07
27
/03
/20
07
27
/04
/20
07
27
/05
/20
07
27
/06
/20
07
27
/07
/20
07
27
/08
/20
07
27
/09
/20
07
27
/10
/20
07
27
/11
/20
07
27
/12
/20
07
27
/01
/20
08
27
/02
/20
08
27
/03
/20
08
27
/04
/20
08
27
/05
/20
08
27
/06
/20
08
27
/07
/20
08
27
/08
/20
08
27
/09
/20
08
27
/10
/20
08
27
/11
/20
08
27
/12
/20
08
27
/01
/20
09
27
/02
/20
09
27
/03
/20
09
27
/04
/20
09
27
/05
/20
09
27
/06
/20
09
27
/07
/20
09
27
/08
/20
09
27
/09
/20
09
27
/10
/20
09
Date
Q [
cu
me
cs
]
Daily Discharge Yallahs River
Daily Discharge Negro River
Rainy Season 2007 Rainy Season 2008
Rainy Season 2009
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Water Resources Authority, 2010
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Alluvial Wells12.2 MGD
KINGSTON / SAINT ANDREW
Sea View WTP
2.1 MGD
Constant Spring WTP
15 MGD
Hope WTP
5.5 MGD
Mona WTP
13 MGD
Average production: 54.4 MGD
- during dry season : 49.0 MGD
- during very dry season: = 33.7 MGD
- rest of the year : 59.6 MGD
- Shortfall : 5.3 MGD
Transfers5.1 MGD
Rural Sources1.5 MGD
Alluvial Wells12.2 MGD
KINGSTON / SAINT ANDREW
Sea View WTP
2.1 MGD
Constant Spring WTP
15 MGD
Hope WTP
5.5 MGD
Mona WTP
13 MGD
Average production: 54.4 MGD
- during dry season : 49.0 MGD
- during very dry season: = 33.7 MGD
- rest of the year : 59.6 MGD
- Shortfall : 5.3 MGD
Transfers5.1 MGD
Rural Sources1.5 MGD
• Expected Water Quality Deterioration– Ground Water– Surface
• Invertebrate Population as indicator for surface sources
• Impact of:– Concentration of nutrients under low flow– Microbial contamination in ground water
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Water Quality Considerations
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
KSA (Mgd)
05
101520253035404550
May
-09
Jun-
09
Jul-0
9
Aug
-09
Sep
-09
Oct
-09
Nov
-09
Dec
-09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar
-10
Dai
ly P
rod
uctio
n V
olu
me
KSA (Mgd)
KSA (Mgd) 44.73 44.59 41.63 37.1 42.37 42.31 41.32 35.72 34.92 31.7 28.9 30.8
May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10
Rate of Change of Storage at Mona and Hermitage
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10
Months
Mil
lio
n G
allo
ns
MonaMona CapacityHermittageHermitage Capacity
Net Change in Storage Volumes
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
May-09 J un-09 J ul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10
Months
Net
Mo
nth
ly R
ise/
Fal
l MG
Hermitage
Mona
Cumulative Production Over the Period
KSA Revenue Billed vs Revenue Collected
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
J$M
Billed Revenue 442.8 523.1 499.9 531.8 556 506.7 506.1 479.7 461.3 404.1 357.4
Revenue Collected 455.1 379.5 362.1 377.6 387.7 454.6 445 362.8 546 453.5 302.9
J un-09 J ul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10
KSA trucking Cost Increase with Drought
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Apr-09 May-09 J un-09 J ul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 J an-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10
Mill
ions
J$
Monthly KSA Energy Usage and Cost Nov 2009 - April 2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Apr-10 Mar-10 Feb-10 Jan-10 Dec-09 Nov-09
Mil
lio
ns
(K
WH
)
-
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Mil
lio
ns
J$
KWHCost
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Commercial Impact
Social Considerations.
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Mental and physical stress (anxiety, depression, or even domestic violenceAffects learning schoolsReductions in nutrition (high-cost food limitations, stress-related dietary deficiencies)Risk to public safety (fires and spills requiring large volumes of water). Increased poverty in general, economic displacementTemporary population migrations to undertake specific personal activities Loss of aesthetic value within communitiesReduction or modification of recreational activitiesPotential for conflicts
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
ORAL REHYDRATION / DIARRHOEAL DISEASE REPORTED
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Other Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
Rep
ort
ed C
ases
(00
0)
J an - Dec 2008 Cases
J an - Dec 2009 Cases
J an - Mar 2009 Cases
J an - Mar 2010 Cases
Public Health Impact Assessment
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Institutional
Ministry of Water & Housing
Office of the Prime Minister
Ministry of Mining & Energy
Ministry of
Agriculture
Ministry of
Health
Government of Jamaica
NWCWRAOURNEPA EHU NIC
Operators
Health and Environmental Monitoring and Water Resources Monitoring and Approval
Parish Auth.
OPM Ministry of Local Gov.
Ministry Finance
and P ublic Service
Office of the Prime Minister
Ministry of Mining & Energy
Ministry of
Agriculture
Ministry of
Health
Government of Jamaica
NWCOURNEPA EHU NIC
Water Distributors Health and Environmental Monitoring and Water Resources Monitoring and Approving
Auth.
Ministry of Water & Housing
WRA STATINWRA
PIOJ Met Off.
Data Collection, Research and Analysis
ODPEM
OPM Ministry of Local Gov.
Parish Auth.
• Reduction in Water Distributing Hours• Alternate Distribution (Valve Regulations)• Increased Trucking• Increased Public Education Campaign on Conservation • Prohibition Notice to reduce waste• Increase volumes (8mgd) from St. Catherine to KSA• Re-activation of Wells out of Operation
Mitigating Actions – Short Term
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
• Kingston Water & Sanitation Project – IADB
• Kingston Metropolitan Area Water Supply Rehabilitation Project
• Jamaica Water Supply Improvement Project - US$210 /
• Forestry Planting in Collaboration with the Forestry Department.
Mitigating Actions - Long Term
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Recommendations
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
Long term water security for all users
Continuously assessing and identification of vulnerabilities
Mitigating strategies to reduce risk or eliminate such risk.
Objectives
• Appoint a drought task force • State the purpose and objectives of the plan• Seek stakeholder participation and resolve conflict • Inventory resources and identify groups at risk• Prepare/write the drought preparedness plan• Identify research needs and fill institutional gaps• Integrate science and policy• Publicize the drought preparedness plan and build public awareness• Develop education programs• Evaluate and revise the drought preparedness plans
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Recommendations 10 Point Drought Preparedness Plan
• Effects of climate change on rainfall frequencies and intensities
• Recognition of wastewater effluent as a water resource • Structured approach to city planning• Rain harvesting must be compulsory for both residential
and commercial buildings• Develop an Incentive program to encourage rain
harvesting • Replacement of aged infrastructure
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Recommendations –for Considerations
• Exploration and expansion of production capacities for future demands
• Maximize the use of the Liguanea plain aquifer• Replacement of aged infrastructure • Optimization of the storage facilities (Mona &
Hermitage)• Exploration and expansion of production capacities
for future demands.
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________Recommendations –for Considerations
Conclusions
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
KSA experienced both a Meteorological and Hydrological drought.
No long term drought mitigation plan
The large geographic area of KSA was severely affected
Institutional responsiveness were disjointed, adhoc
Increased public health vulnerability especially in children.
There was economic cost to KSA and Jamaica on a whole.
Conclusions
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________
There were negative socio-cultural impacts
Raw water quality assessment required during droughts
Billed revenue for KSA fell by an average J$50m/month, Electricity cost was not a function of the volume of water treated
Increased trucking activities and cost over the period.
Public education campaign was not penetrative
Prohibition Notices were ineffective without enforcement
Thank You for
Your Attention
QUESTIONS?
The Impact of the Recent Drought on the National Water Commission (NWC) Water Supply Services to Kingston and St. Andrew
_______________________________________