“Unlike a drop of water which loses its identity when it joins the ocean, man does not lose his being in the society in which he lives. Man's life is independent. He is born not for the development of the society alone, but for the development of his self.”

1984

rio

ts b

etw

een

Hin

dus

and

fund

amen

ta-

list

Sik

hs.

Hin

du

viol

ence

aga

inst

S

ikhs

1867

Sita

lnat

h Ja

in T

emp

le

1980

Sve

tam

bar

a Ja

inTe

mp

le

1942

IN

C

dec

ides

th

e „Q

uit

Ind

ia“

reso

lutio

n w

ich

asks

th

e B

ritai

n to

le

ave

imm

edia

tly

Dec

line

of

Bud

dhi

sm

toge

ther

w

ith

the

dis

app

erin

g of

B

hud

dhi

st K

ings

Som

e H

ind

u ru

lers

to

ok

mili

tary

act

ion

to s

upp

ress

B

udd

hism

. H

owev

er it

was

p

rob

ably

dev

elop

men

ts i

n H

ind

uism

itse

lf th

at h

elp

ed

the

faith

to

grow

Isla

m a

nd H

ind

uism

wer

e in

co

nflic

t b

ecau

se,

alth

ough

th

e m

ystic

al

trad

ition

s of

bot

h re

ligio

ns

had

so

me

com

mon

gr

ound

, M

uslim

ru

lers

so

ught

to

conq

uer

Hin

du

terr

itorie

s an

d,

from

th

e 17

th c

entu

ry, t

o as

sert

the

sup

erio

rity

of Is

lam

.

Sik

hism

sta

rts

to e

xist

, a

form

of H

ind

uism

but

in

itiat

ed w

ithou

t ca

ste.

1840

St.

Tho

mas

Rom

anC

atho

lik C

hurc

h

1849

St.

Pau

ls C

athe

dra

l

1864

St.

Jam

es C

hurc

h

1772

Old

Mis

sion

Chu

rch

1787

St.

Joh

ns C

hurc

h

1724

The

Arm

enia

nC

hurc

h

1920

s N

imta

la B

urni

ng G

hat

1918

Hin

du-

Mus

lim c

lash

1918

Hin

du-

Mus

lim c

lash

1926

Hin

du-

Mus

lim c

lash

Birl

a M

and

ir, n

ot fi

nish

ed

1855

Dak

shin

esw

ar T

emp

le

1809

Kal

i Tem

ple

, Kal

igha

t

1942

B.R

.Am

bed

kar

dem

and

es fo

r re

serv

atio

ns fo

r th

e sc

hed

uled

cas

tes

in g

ov.

serv

ices

and

ed

ucat

ion

app

. 2.

5 M

io

Hin

du

refu

gee

s fr

om

Eas

t-B

eng

al

arri

ve

in

Ko

lkat

a

1858

Shi

va M

and

ir

relig

ious

to

lera

nce

und

er

Mug

hal

Em

per

or

Akb

ar

1556

-160

5 le

ads

to

relig

ious

m

ixt-

cultu

re

Trou

gh t

he in

tens

e co

ntac

t w

ith

hind

uism

cas

te s

imila

r sy

stem

s b

egin

to

spre

ad o

ver

Mus

lims.

Trou

gh

cont

act

with

hi

ndui

sm

cast

e si

mila

r sy

stem

s b

egin

to

spre

ad

amon

gst

Chr

istia

ns.

afte

r d

efea

ting

the

sulta

ns a

rmy,

Ti

mur

id

Bab

ur

foun

des

th

e m

ugha

l im

per

ium

Par

titi

on

rio

ts

Mus

lims

have

to

ab

sco

nd d

ue t

o

pro

scut

on.

50

0000

p

eop

le d

ie

1907

Fo

und

atio

n of

A

ll In

dia

M

uslim

Lea

gue

1946

Big

Hin

du-

Mus

lim r

iots

in

Cal

cutt

a.

4000

p

eop

le

die

10

0000

are

left

hom

eles

s

1992

Dem

oliti

on o

f Bab

ri M

asjid

in

Ayh

odia

by

Hin

du-

Har

dlin

ers.

Th

ey

clai

m

that

B

abur

th

e M

ugha

l em

per

or

des

troy

ed

ther

e a

Hin

du-

Tem

ple

1926

Nak

hod

a M

asjid

1935

Prin

ce G

hula

m M

asjid

1947

Ind

epen

den

cy o

f In

dia

. P

akis

tan

bec

om

es a

co

untr

y o

n it

s o

wn

1947

B

.R

Am

bed

kar

gets

ch

airm

an

for

dra

ftin

g th

e In

dia

n co

nstit

utio

n

3300

-170

0 In

dus

Va

lley

Civ

ilisa

tion

by

the

Har

rap

an

Cul

ture

Aria

n m

igra

tion

into

th

e

nort

h-w

est

of in

dia

Aria

n m

igra

tion

into

th

e G

ange

s d

elta

. B

ecom

e ne

w

rule

rs, I

ntro

duc

tio

n o

f ca

ste

syst

em

out o

f the

hin

dui

stic

mov

men

t of

the

aske

ts,

new

st

ream

s ar

e ap

pea

ring:

the

Bud

dhi

st a

nd t

he

Jain

s

Myt

h an

d

know

led

ge

gets

writ

ten

dow

n: T

he v

edas

1950

con

stitu

tion

com

es in

forc

e d

iscr

imin

atio

n on

the

gro

und

s of

ca

ste

and

rel

igio

n ge

ts

pro

hib

ited

, sp

ecia

l cla

uses

for

adva

ncem

ent

of s

ched

uled

ca

stes

and

trib

es

1980

Man

dal

Com

issi

on w

as

foun

ded

to

in

den

tify

the

bac

kwar

d

clas

ses

and

es

timat

es it

to

52%

of

ind

ian

pop

ulat

ion,

the

y re

com

men

d

to i

ncre

ase

the

Quo

tas

from

22

% t

o 49

.5%

1990

M

adal

co

mis

sion

re

com

men

tatio

ns

get

imp

lem

ente

d

in

Gov

erne

-m

ent

Job

s -

natio

n w

ide

pro

test

1998

C

ritiq

ue

on

Man

dal

C

omis

sion

hav

ing

estim

ated

th

e B

ackw

ard

cl

asse

s to

hi

gh; q

uota

rem

ain.

2006

Res

erva

tions

for

OB

C‘s

in

C

entr

al

Gov

erne

men

t E

duc

atio

nal i

nstit

utio

ns

1972

3. W

ar w

ith

Pak

ista

n o

ver

Ban

gla

des

h

1984

Ass

assi

natio

n of

Ind

ira

Gha

ndi b

y tw

o of

her

Sik

h B

odyg

uard

s

1977

left

win

g p

artie

s w

in t

he

elec

tion

in W

est-

Ben

gal.

1911

Deh

li b

ecom

es t

he c

apita

l

The

Ris

e of

Mar

atha

n P

ower

w

eake

ns t

he M

ugha

ls.

1757

Bat

tle o

f Pla

ssey

, the

B

ritai

ns b

ecom

e th

e ne

w r

uler

s

1858

Ab

olis

hmen

t of

the

Eas

t In

dia

Com

pan

y, t

he B

ritis

h C

row

n ta

kes

over

Ind

iaIn

th

e 18

th

and

19

th

cent

urie

s,

mis

sion

arie

s fr

om E

urop

e at

tem

pte

d t

o co

nver

t H

ind

us

to

Chr

istia

nity

w

ith

vary

ing

deg

rees

of s

ucce

ss.

Hin

du

Rev

ival

ism

bec

ause

of

Chr

istia

n M

issi

onar

ies

1899

Bel

ur M

ath

Ram

akris

h-na

Tem

ple

The

Ind

ian

Nat

iona

l Con

gres

s w

as fo

und

ed % A

ffila

tion

Pop

ulat

ion

(Mio

)

1905

Div

isio

n of

Ben

gal l

ead

s to

rio

ts

1909

par

tion

of In

dia

ns in

go

vern

emen

t

1935

Gov

ernm

ent

of In

dia

act

:-m

ore

self

rulin

g-r

eser

vatio

n of

sea

ts fo

r th

e „d

epre

ssd

cla

sses

“

1690

Job

Cha

rnoc

k fo

und

s C

alcu

tta

as b

ase

for

the

brit

isch

E

ast

Ind

ia C

omp

any

1526

-17

07M

ugha

l em

pire

1340

-152

6m

any

smal

l sta

tes

incl

. re

mna

nt o

f Sul

tana

tes

jati caste

subcaste

gotra clan

khodan lineagevansham

kutumbh joint family familiy

Marriage has to be inside jati

Marriage has to be outside the clan

jati: means birth, closed autonom group in societyevery caste has a rang in social hyrachy certain religious, social & economic rules: -social contacts are limited-Endogamie-Eating (Vegetarism,...& with whom)

-choice of profession

Kalighat Temple is an important religious place for the followers of Hinduism. As per the legends, the different body parts of Sati fell on the earth at the time of self-sacrifice. It is believed that the right toe of Sati fell here and subsequently; the temple was erected to commemorate the Goddess. Goddess Kalika is the presiding deity in the Kalighat Temple.

Largest jatis in Kolkata

Poundra s.cNamasudra s.c

Chamar s.c

Dhoba, Dhobi s.c

Rajbanshi, s.c

Jalia Kaibartta s.c

Hari, Methar, s.c

Bagdi, Duley, s.c

Dom, Dhangad s.c

Kaora s.c

500000

SIKHISM MONOTHEISTIC, ONE GOD FOR ALL RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITYMONOTHEISTIC, CENTERED ON THE LIFE OF JESUS OF NAZARETH

HISTORY

WORLD KOLKATA20 MIO 15599

JAINISMWELFARE AND HEALTH OF EVERY BEING IN THE UNIVERSE, AND OF THE UNIVERSE ITSELF

BUDDHISMPHILOSOPHY BASED ON BUDDHAS TEACHINGS

ISLAMMONOTHEISTIC, TOTAL SURRENDER OF ONESELF TO GOD

WORLD KOLKATA4.2 MIO 20895

WORLD KOLKATA350 MIO 6445

WORLD KOLKATA1,2 BN 926769

HINDUISMPOLYTHEISTIC, LIFE AND DEATH IN A ENDLESS CIRCLE (SAMSARA), FULLFILLING ETHIC AND RELGIOUS COMMITALS (DHARMA) TO GET REDEMTION (MOSHKA)

WORLD KOLKATA900 MIO 3552274

WORLD KOLKATA2.1 BN 40218

2000 1000 0 500 1000 1500 17001600 1800 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000

CASTE - JATI

Brahmins ( Priests)

Kshatryas (warriors)

Vaishyas (merchants)

Shudras (craftmen, servants, workers)

Untouchables(scheduled caste)

CASTE - VARNAVARNA: means color in sanskrit. Acient classification of the society in four Groups and the Untouchables in the Rigveda period 1200-900 BC. The Varnas are not castes,it is just an umbrella term, essential nowaday‘s is the JATI.

Aryan

Non-Aryan

22.5 %22.5 %

27 %

90%4.5

reserved seats for scheduled castes and tribes in Government

reserved seats for scheduled castes and tribes and other backward Classes

POP.

HINDUS

MUSLIMS

CHRISTS

77.86 %

0.88 %

20.27 % 0.14 0.46 % 0.34 %

Religions by State in and around India

112 113

RE

LIGIO

N A

ND

CA

ST

E IN

KO

LKATA

_Luca Pestalo

zzi

sources: books: Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon 1998,B.I Taschenbuchverlag, Ravi Ahuja/Christiane Brosius (2006): Mumbai, Dehli Kolkata. Draupadi Verlag. Heidelberg; Dirk Bronger(1996): Indien, Grösste Demokratie der Welt zwischen Kastenwesen und Armut. Klett-Perthes. internet: www.bbc.co.uk/religion/, www.orf.at/religionen, http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus, www.census.gov.in, www.censusindia.net, www.mapsofindia.com; Sriya Iyer (2002): Demography and Religion in India. Oxford University Press.

RELIGION AND CASTEHistory of Indian Religions

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

PARESNATH JAIN TEMPLE

MAGHAN DAVID SYNAGOGUE

DIGAMBAR JAIN TEMPLE

HASTINGS CHAPELST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL

ST.JOHNS CHURCHARMENIAN CHURCH

ST. THOMAS CHURCH

MARTHOMA SYRAN CHURCHINDIAN CHURCH OF CHRIST

GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH

ST. GEORGES CATHEDRAL

OLD MISSION CHURCHBABTIST CHURCH

SACRED HEART CHURCH

ST. ANDREWS CHURCH

KALIGHAT

SIDDHESHWARI TEMPLE

SITOLA MONDIR

BIRLA MANDIR

SHREE LAXMINARYAN MANDIR

RAM THAKUR ASHRAM

SHITALA MANDIR

PATHBARI TEMPLE

BELUR MATH

DAKSHINEWAR TEMPLE

ADYPETH JUGAL MANDIR

SHIV TEMPLE

HANUMAN TEMPLE

BABA JANGALESHWAR MANDIR

KALI MANDIR

HARYANA VIDYA MANDIR

RAM SITA MANDIR

BHOOTNATH MANDIR

BHABATARINI MANDIRJORA SHIV MANDIR

SRI GHANESH MANDIRSRI SRI PUNTE KALI MANDIR

JABRESHWAR MANDIR

DASAMHABIDYA MANDIR

TALPUKUR KALI MANDIR

SHIPBUR BURNING GHAT

NIMTALA BURNING GHAT

KASHIMITRA BURNING GHAT

KEROTALA BURNING GHAT

BALLY BURNING GHAT

SHIVA MANDIR

SHITALA MANDIR

NEW TANGRA MASJIDALIMUDDIN MASJID

BEL MASJID

TIPPU SULTAN MASJID

DOTALLA MASJID

NASKHODA MASJID

KARBALA TANK MASJID

KACCHI MASJID

BEGUM MASJIDLAL MASJID

CAMAC MASJID

LICHU BAGAN MASJID

BARAJALA MASJID JAMHOORI MASJID

HAJI ELLIYASMASJID

CHAKRABERIA MASJID

AHIRIPUKUR MASJIDJAMA MASJID

BHAVAN CHOWDRY MASJID

NESAR MASJIDKUSTJA MASJID

Hindu Temples

Mosques

“Daily Temples”

Churches

114 115

RE

LIGIO

N A

ND

CA

ST

E IN

KO

LKATA

_Luca Pestalo

zzi

sources: internet: www.maps.google.com; www.catchcal.com; www.yellowpages.in; Books: Great Buildings of Kolkata

RELIGION AND CASTEPlaces of Worship in Kolkata

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel