Post on 02-Jan-2016
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What is Biochemistry?
What are living creatures made of?
Why do we have to eat?
BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things
Objectives:Classify the variety of organic compounds.
Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.
Building Blocks of Life
Lesson 1
Elements of Life
96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)
Molecules of Life
Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of? carbohydrates
sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
The Role of Carbon in Organisms
Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen
Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen
Which of the following molecules is considered organic?
Acids
Defined as a proton donor (H+) – hydrogen atom stripped of
it’s single electron, leaving a positively charged proton
Strong acid – HCl, ionic bonding holds these together
HCl H+ + Cl-
Bases
Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
More OH- ions than H+ ions Strong Base – NaOH
NaOH Na+ + OH-
Acids and Bases
Use the pH scale to determine acidity
pH Scale
pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions given in units of molarity. Ex. If the concentration of protons in
solution is 10-8 then the pH = 8. pH for acidic solutions is less than 7 pH for basic solutions is greater
than 7.
Buffers
Substances that help to maintain a relatively constant pH
Act as proton acceptors and donors Can release or absorb protons to keep the
pH constant
More protons absorbed the fewer protons that are available in solution and the smaller the change in pH when acid is added to a solution
In Class Assignment
Acid & Base Lab
Homework
Complete acid-base lab
MONOMERS/POLYMERS
Lesson 2
Do Now
How does a cookie “stick” together? Why doesn’t it fall apart?
Building large molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little molecules polymers
Building large organic molecules
Small molecules = building blocks
Bond them together = polymers
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)
Short polymer Unlinked monomerRemoval ofwater molecule
Longer polymer
Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition ofwater molecule
animation
In Class Assignment
Make 2 monomers of glucose C6H12O6 out of play dough (3 colors)
Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis
Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis
CARBOHYDRATES
LESSON 3
Do Now
Clear everything off your desks except for something to write with.
Inorganic/organic Pop Quiz! =)
Carbohydrates Building block molecules = AKA Saccharides
sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
sucrose
Carbohydrates
Function: quick energy energy storage structure
cell wall in plants
Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall)
glucoseC6H12O6
starch
Sugars = building blocks
Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
-ose
The structure of carbohydrates
The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*
(ie. glucose, fructose)
are the fuels for cellular work
Function as energy storage
Mono ~ one sacchar ~ sugar)
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with only 1 sugar building block
Most common simple sugars have 5 or 6 carbons
Ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is always the same 1:2:1
Always have one carbonyl group (C=O) Remaining carbons have hydroxyl groups
(OH)
Building carbohydrates Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
mono = onesaccharide = sugardi = two
Building carbohydrates Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
Do Now – September 30, 2013
What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in a carbohydrate?
Take out carbohydrate reading and carbohydrate hand out.
BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides
large carbohydrates starch
energy storage in plants potatoes
glycogen energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles cellulose
structure in plants cell walls
chitin structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton
poly = many
Carbohydrates
All carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Simple sugars have the general molecular formula CnH2nOn
In class assignment
Carbohydrates Reading/Worksheet
LIPIDS
Lesson 4
Lipids
Very non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
Composed of C, H, O, like carbohydrates but much lower oxygen content
Lipids Examples
fatsoilswaxeshormones
sex hormonestestosterone (male)estrogen (female)
Lipids
Function: energy storage
very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! Called triglycerides (3 fatty acids joined by ester
linkages to one glycerol molecule) Fatty acids contain long carbon chains that
are hydrophobic cell membrane cushions organs insulates body
think whale blubber!
Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
Waxes
Protective coatings to keep water out of skin fur and leaves of higher plants
exoskeleton of many insects
Steroids
3 fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring. Ex cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone,
cortisol
Saturated fats
Most animal fats solid at room
temperature Limit the amount
in your diet contributes to
heart disease deposits in arteries
Unsaturated fats
Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room
temperature the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
Better choice in your diet
Video
Other lipids in biology
Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it
including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may
lead to heart disease
Other lipids in biology
Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water
“like” water tails are on inside away from water
“scared” of water forms a barrier
between the cell & the outside
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Lesson 5
Do Now
What do you know about DNA?
Nucleic Acids
Examples DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
RNA RiboNucleic Acid
RNA
DNADNA
Nucleic Acids Function:
genetic materialstores information
genesblueprint for building proteins
DNA RNA proteinstransfers information
blueprint for new cellsblueprint for next generation
proteinsproteins
Nucleic acids Building block =nucleotides
5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!
Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids
nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA
double-sided double helix A, C, G, T
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
RNA single-sided A, C, G, U
Adenine Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
ATP Adenosine triphosphate WHERE CELLS GET THEIR
ENERGY!!!
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA
DNA Double strand twists into a double helix
weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strandsA pairs with T
A :: TC pairs with G
C :: G the two strands can
separate when our cells need to make copies of it
weak bonds
Copying DNA Replication
copy DNA 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary they are matching have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole
Copying DNA pairing of the bases
allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
In Class Assignment
Building DNA MUST BUILD ONE NUCLEOTIDE AT A TIME
Take 1 backbone strip and place it on the table Take 1 phosphate circle and tape it on to the backbone strip Attach a sugar molecule to the side of the backbone with the
point of the sugar facing UPWARDS (at the upper right of the phosphate circle
Attach a base to the right of the sugar (1 nucleotide is now complete)
Repeat steps 2-4 until the first backbone strip is complete Take your second backbone strip and do the opposite of the
first one. (Make sure your attaching the complimentary base!!!
When your done you should have 2 complete backbones with complimentary bases.
Do Now
Finish working on your Nucleotides
Do Now
How do cells get energy?
How do cells get energy?
Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle Electron Transport
Need to make ATP!
Glycolysis
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell First pathway to capture energy from glucose to
make ATP 10 steps – each catalyzed by a different enzyme
Takes glucose (sugar, with 6 C) breaks it into pyruvate molecules (3 C each)
ATP is put into the reaction to drive the splitting of glucose molecules Uses 2 ATP molecules for EACH glucose that
enters the pathway 4 ATP molecules are generated for a NET production
of 2 ATP molecules (we used 2 to start the pathway)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration
Regenerates NAD+ that is used in glycolysis
Happens in the absence of oxygen/anaerobic organisms
Allows glycolysis to continue w/o oxygen
NADH is regenerated into NAD+ Products: Ethanol or Lactic acid Occurs in the cytoplasm
Fermentation
Ethanol Carried out by
yeast w/o oxygen Used to make
beer/wine Occurs when
pyruvate is decarboxylated and becomes a 2 carbon molecule
Lactic Acid Carried out by
bacteria/fungi/human muscles during exercise
Used when no oxygen is present
Occurs when pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
Fermentation
Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen to make energy Glucose is fully burned by the cell as an energy
source Krebs Cycle Electron Transport chain
Pyruvate molecule left at end of glycolysis still has a lot of energy that is extracted in Oxidative metabolism
Produces a maximum of 38 ATP compared to only 2 in glycolysis/fermentation
Krebs Cycle
AKA Citric Acid Cycle Series of reactions linked in a circle Extracts energy from products of glycolysis
to make NADH and FADH2 Occurs in the mitochondria (the pyruvate
from glycolysis is transported through the mitochondria membrane) Pyruvate is converted into a 2-carbon molecule
(acetate), releases CO2 & linked to coenzyme A
Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA is important and is involved in many metabolic pathways Enters the Krebs cycle by combining with the 6-
carbon citrate Every loop completed
Two CO2 molecules are produced for every acetyl-CoA that enters
3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP Net result
2 Acetyl-CoA + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2ADP+2Pi + 4H2O 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP + 4H+ + 2CoA
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Used to convert energy held by NADH and FADH2 into a more useful form that results in ATP production
Series of proteins and electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Carriers alternate between oxidized and reduced forms as they transfer electrons through the chain to the final electron acceptor at the end, oxygen.
Protein called ATP Synthase found in inner mitochondrial membrane harvest energy of pH gradient to produce much of the ATP from oxidative metabolism
Net Results – 36 ATP molecules
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis vs. Krebs
PROTEINS
Lesson 6
PROTEINS
Essential to the structures and activities of life Make up 50% of dry weight of cells Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS
nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Proteins are involved in
cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication
Monomers are called amino acids
The structure of proteins
20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.
Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids
R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids
A protein’s specific shape determines its function
A protein consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape The shape determines the protein’s
function A protein loses its specific function when its
polypeptides unravel
Macromolecules
Enzymes
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
(SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)