Post on 31-Dec-2015
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
„System of waste management in Germany – turning waste into benefit
(separate collection, recycling, reuse) – outlook for the future“
National Workshop: Developing Environmental Infrastructure Projects in the WASTE Sector in Macedonia
28-29th October 2008, Ohrid, Macedonia
Maic Verbücheln, Difu
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu)
Foundation and domicile• is a non-profit institute and founded in 1973 • located in Berlin and Cologne (Germany)
Mandate and members• is the research institute for cities• is supported by 100 cities (approx. 24 Mio. inhab.)
Deal with different topics• urban development, economy, social policy and
culture, environment (municipal waste management)
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Overview
1. Review to the past
2. Today's waste management
3. Results and benefits
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
• up to 1970: 50 000 uncontrolled dump sites • 1972: first waste management law• reduction to 500 controlled landfills
Resume• No material flow management - dispose of waste
via littering or dumping
Objective of the past waste management: to solve hygiene- and organisation problems
„archaic phase“
1. Review to the past
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
2. Today's waste management
Important legislation (selection)
• 1991: packaging ordinance (e.g. product responsibility – implementation of a dual system)
• 1996: Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act (e.g. waste hierarchy, product responsibility) - is the base of today's waste management in Germany
• 1998: battery ordinance (e.g. product responsibility – implementation of a take back system)
• 2005: electric- and electronic ordinance (e.g. shared product responsibility – implementation of a take back system)
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik *Source: Ecologic
2. Today's waste management System of closed material circle in Germany
Trade
ConsumerProduction
Waste recovery
Waste disposal
Internal reuse
Product responsibility
Paper, Packaging, Glas
Take back systems
Blue: productsGreen: recyclable fractionBlack: production wasteGrey: household waste
Orange: residues
Residues
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
2. Today's waste management Separate collection and recycling (household w.)Material fraction
System of collection
Main responsibility
Packaging collect and bring producer
Paper, cardboard collect and bring municipalities
Glass collect and bring municipalities
Bio- waste collect municipalities
Electro- and electronic waste
bring (partly collect) producer and municipalities
Batteries bring producer and municipalities
Residues collect municipalities
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Resume• partly material flow management – reuse, recycling
combustion and landfilling - produce of secondary raw materials, - produce of power, heat,
- produce of gas …. • there are still secondary raw material in the residue
waste, which are not all recovered today!!!!
Objective of today's waste management: to solve mainly environmental problems
„environmentally and partly resource oriented phase“
2. Today's waste management
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
3. Results and benefits Decoupling the yearly waste amount from the economic performance in Germany
Source: UBA, Stat. Bundesamt
80
85
90
95
100
year
refe
ren
ce d
ata
(sta
rt 2
000)
household waste
2000 2003 2004 2005 2006
- reduction from 100% (2000) to 87,5% (2006)
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
3. Results and benefits Collected residues and materials from households
Source: BMU
year residue waste glass, paper, packaging, bio material for recycling
1990 87%34 Mio. t
13%5 Mio. t
2004 44%18 Mio. t
56 %23,4 Mio. t
2006 40%16,5 Mio. T
60%24,3 Mio. t
- increase of material collection for recycling
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
production waste 64% 30,8 Mio. t.
construction waste 87% 160,0 Mio. t.
bio waste 100% 7,7 Mio. t.
batteries 88% 11.163 t.
municipal waste - glass - paper
64% 100% 99%
26,7 Mio. t. 3,6 Mio. t. 7,8 Mio. t.
packaging waste - plastics - aluminium - tin
78% 53% 77% 92%
12,0 Mio. t. 0,81 Mio. t0,06 Mio. t0,42 Mio. t
graphic papers 88% 7,6 Mio. t.
waste oil 100% 468 000 t.
3. Results and benefits General recovery rates (resource protection)
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Take back of secondary raw materials (selection) in the economic cycle lead toe.g.: cut down of imports and an added value (Mio. Euro)
Source: Institute of German economy, Cologne
primary raw material
energy sum (€)
steel 1234 1062 2296
aluminium 138 566 704
combustibles - 343 343
packaging - 225 225
zinc 70 25 95
total 1442 2221 3.7 Mrd. €
3. Results and benefits
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Global tendencies• population growth (8/2025- 9,1/2050)* • economic growth (e.g. India, China)
tends to result in:
rise of resource consumption (e.g. crude oil, copper, steel, silicon, plastic, paper…)
environmental problems (e.g. soil, water)
climate change (e.g. CO2-production)
*Source: UNO
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Global tendencies• raw material world market prices which are imported in the Euro-zone, rose of about 81% from 2000 to 2005
• industry raw materials prices rose about appr. 50% (NF-Metals 82%, FE-Metals 130%)
a continued rise of prices can be expected on a long term perspective
• costs of raw materials relate to 40% of the production costs (employees for 25%)!!!!
Source: Institute of German economy, Cologne
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Thematic Strategies of the COM (EU)
• „Life Cycle Thinking“ incl. waste management view on life cycle of material streams
• Orientation of waste as a resourceusing the resource potential (productivity)
• Development of a „Recycling Society“promotion of a recycling marketeconomic instruments for the steering
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Political objectives in Germany (selection)
• protection of resources
• achieve a sustainable economy by the use of a closed material cycle and increase of efficiency
• sustainable waste management with low emissions and effective resource utilization
• entire and ecologically sound recycling of all municipal waste (goal 2020) – close of all household landfills to the year 2020
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
ResumePolitical and economic pressure will lead to:• widespread material flow management and return
of secondary raw materials in the economic cycle
• material flow management will change the classic waste management to a resource- or material flow economy – new techniques like sorting plants?
Objective of the future waste management: to solve environment- and resource problem
„resource oriented phase“
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Resume for municipalities
• reduce the waste amount is important, because the handling and after care is cost intensive but
• can force material flow management systems, by select and collect of waste fractions
• can play an important role in the economic cycle - need of intelligent systems
• markets for secondary raw materials are needed, high quality of products is important
4. Outlook for the future
Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik
Thank you for attention
Maic Verbücheln, Difu
National Workshop: Developing Environmental Infrastructure Projects in the WASTE Sector in Macedonia
28-29th October 2008, Ohrid, Macedonia