Post on 28-Aug-2020
Designing Buildings for Daylight Harvesting
AIA Course #AB228
Sandra Stashik, PE, FIES, LEEDAP
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AIA Continuing Education
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© Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc. and/or its suppliers - 2014
All trademarks referenced are the property of their respective owners.
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Acuity Brands is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of
this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
AIA Continuing Education3
Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this seminar, participants will be able to:
• Define Daylight Harvesting and explain the impact it can have on an organization’s people, productivity, and energy savings.
• Conceptualize opportunities for Daylighting in their projects
• Understand the current codes mandating daylight harvesting
• Understand how to calculate daylight zones for toplighting and sidelighting applications.
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Agenda
• What defines good Daylighting Design
• Why is Daylight Harvesting important
• Review of Daylighting methods
• Codes and Standards & their impact on Daylighting Design
• Calculating Primary and Secondary Daylight Zones
• Toplighting Design Criteria
• Summary and Q&A?
Benefits of Daylight
Daylighting and Views Studies Link:
• Higher levels of worker satisfaction and productivity
• Improved employee morale
• Office workers performed 10-25% better on tests and recall with views
• Maximum 40% increase in retail sales
• Students progressed 20-26% faster on math and reading tests
• Shorter hospital stays and reduced pain in patients.
• Views help to relieve stress
• Reduced agitation in Alzheimer’s patients
–Above data supported by Heschong Mahone studies, 1999, 2003 and PG&E Daylighting Initiative AAA Office, California
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Educational Benefits of Daylighting Benefits of Daylight
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90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
125%
Math Reading
MinDaylight
MaxDaylight
Improvements in Math & Reading Scores
What is “Good Daylighting Design”?
• Designing to optimize introduction of daylighting
• Orientating building to maximize north and south and minimize east and west exposure.
• Minimizing any direct sunlight, solar radiation and glare
• Reducing extreme contrast from daylight areas to non daylight areas
• Controlling electric lighting in response to daylighting
8Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald
Waldron Associates; Photographer: David Lamb
Why is Daylighting in Buildings Important?
• Connection to the outdoors
• Views and the ability to focus on distant objects
• Circadian Rhythm – our internal clock, requires daylight, shortwave length morning light to regulate bodily functions
• Decreases length of hospital stay
• Reduce post operative pain
• Daylighting + controls reduces building energy usage
• New codes are mandating daylight harvesting
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SunPower Corporation,
Architect: Marcy Wong,
Photographer: Billy
Hustace
Man has Evolved in Changing Daylight
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Kenyon College – Pierce Hall
Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald Waldron
Associates, Photographer: David Lamb
Sunrise and sunset – Andy King -
http://outofdoorsphotography.ca
Circadian Rhythms
What are Circadian Rhythms?In mammals a wide variety of physiological and behavioral events exhibit circadian rhythms:
• Sleep-wake cycle• Changes in hormone levels• Core body temperature• Blood pressure
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Regulating Circadian Rhythms
• Early morning exposure to higher light levels, especially in the short wavelength region of the visible spectrum (460-500 nm)
• Early morning outdoor activities between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., or indoors with daylight
• Schools, offices with spectrally neutral light transmission
• Maximum benefit in winter at high latitudes
• Warmer, long-wavelength light in late afternoon and evening
• Dark or amber light at night to allow for melatonin production 13
Courtesy of the Lighting Research Center, Jennifer Brons
LRC Study of students with orange glasses which blocked short wavelength blue light, this delayed melatonin production and sleep onset
Chisholm School, Photographer: Peter Kerze
Reduction in Energy Use
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Kenyon College – Pierce Hall
Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald
Waldron Associates, Photographer: David Lamb
• First step – provide daylighting
• Second step – provide the control system to dim or turn off the electric lighting
• There is no energy savings if the lights remain on!
Best Buy
Benefits of Daylighting
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29%
21%
50% Lighting energy
Cooling energy
Demand charges
Energy Center of Wisconsin: http://www.ecw.org/ecwresults/233-1.pdf
Daylighting Methods
P a n t h e o n , R o m e A D 1 1 8
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– Toplighting • skylights
• atriums
• monitors
• clerestory windows
• tubular daylighting devices (TDD)
– Sidelighting• Vertical fenestration
• Light Shelves
How Do You Introduce Daylight?
Daylighting Methods - Atriums
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Atrium toplighting with clear skylights provides daylight and view of the sky
Kenyon College – Pierce Hall
Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald Waldron
Associates, Photographer: David Lamb
Cherry Hill Mall - JPRA Architects, Grenald Waldron
Assoc.: Lighting Design, Photographer: Jay Rosenblatt
Daylighting Methods - Monitors
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Providing diffuse north light – technique often used in art galleries top floors of older building and manufacturing facilities
Daylighting Methods – TDD & Skylights
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Daylighting Methods – TDD’s
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Passive Toplighting in suspended ceilings
1. Capture2. Transport3. Control4. Distribute
Advantages:• Captures low angle light• Captures light even on cloudy days• Control light through internal louver,
“Dimmable Daylight”• Provides diffuse light with lensed
optics
Daylighting Methods – Heliostats
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Active Vertical1. Heliostat reflector – captures direct sunlight2. 45 deg. mirror directs beam through roof3. Coupled with concentrating reflector or refractor4. Direct light further into space through a light pipe
Advantages• Capture and direct light deep into buildings on sunny
days (no collection when cloudy)• One penetration can provide several internal light
beams
Daylighting Methods - Skylights
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WAL-MART High Efficiency Store – lights dim to off when there is sufficient daylight
Savings = $50MZero Energy Lobby –
Skylights and one window
Daylighting Methods - Sidelighting
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Charlottesville Downtown Transit Center – LEED GoldArchitect: WRT, Photographer: Jeffery Totario
Daylighting Methods - Combination
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Toplighting for diffuse skylights and side lighting from vertical glazing:• provide daylighting for
the pool • metal halide fixtures dim
in response to the daylight
Project Goals:• Maximize usable daylight
to reduce energy consumption and lamp replacement
• Enhance interior environment & provide a connection to outdoors
Kenyon College – Athletic Center
Architect: Gund Partnership, Daylighting Design: Atelier 10, Lighting Design:
Grenald Waldron Assoc., Photographer: David Lamb
Intro: What is Daylight Harvesting?
• Architectural planning to maximize daylight
• Intentional use of daylight to illuminate a space
• Control of lights to dim or completely shut-off
• Integral direct sun and glare control, through:– shades
– blinds
– external shading devices
– light shelves
– Electrochromic glazing
How does it work?• Ceiling mounted digital
photosensor
• Detects daylight + electric
light levels
• Automatically adjusts the
electric lighting to maintain
a pre-determined light level
Note: Daylight ≠ Sunlight
How does it work?
Assessing the BuildingInterior Elements
• Room geometry
• Surface reflectance
• Windows and Skylights₋ Aperture, transmissivity, shading devices
Exterior Elements• Light shelves• Louvers• Adjacent structures and elements
Valley High Library, Architect: Noll & Tam Architects,
Photographer: David Wakely
Sidelighting vs. ToplightingSidelighting:
• Daylight entering the space from windows and light shelves
Toplighting:
• Daylight entering the space via skylights, monitors, clerestories, active and passive light tubes
Food Lion Corp. Photographer: Charlie McClarty
• ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – 2010 & 2013 (& 189.1-2011) – Mandate for daylighting in certain building types and lighting controls required for many toplighting and sidelighting situations.
• IECC – 2012– Mandate for daylighting in certain building types and lighting controls required for many toplighting situations. (90.1 is alternate compliance standard.
• IGCC – 2012( International Green Construction Code) Mandate for daylighting in certain occupancies and lighting controls required for many daylighting situations.
• California Title 24 and Green Building Mandate. Rules for height go away and any building over 8,000 sq. ft. will be required to daylight to obtain permits.
• LEED 2009 – Daylighting directly supports EA Credit 1 points: Optimize Energy Performance and IEQ Credit 8.1 points: Daylight & Views points• LEED v4 – Quality Views – EQc8 – 2 pts., Daylighting Eqc & - 2 pts. Based on EQc8, EQc6 Interior Lighting – 1 pt. controls
Building Codes – Changing FAST
Codes and Standards: Commercial State Adoption
Codes and Standards
ASHRAE STANDARD ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 - 2010
Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
ASHRAE 90.1 Codes and Daylighting Requirements
• Skylights required: • buildings < 4 stories• spaces over 15’ height and 5000
sq.ft.• With daylight responsive controls• Office, lobby, atrium, concourse..
90.1 - 2010 90.1 - 2013• Skylights required:
• Minimum Skylights fenestration area in enclosed space directly under roof - spaces over 15’ height and 2500 sq.ft. with daylight responsive controls
• Office, lobby, atrium, concourse, corridor, storage, gym, fitness/exercise, event…
• Minimum skylight area to daylight area under skylights of 3% with a skylight VT of at least 0.40
• Haze value of >90%
Daylighting Requirements for Skylights:
ASHRAE 90.1 Codes and Daylighting Requirements
• Total vertical fenestration area < 40% of gross wall area
• Vertical fenestration on south façade > both the east and the west facades individually
• SHGC and U value requirements based on location/climate
• Allows higher SHGC when exterior shading devices as provided
90.1 - 2010 90.1 - 2013
• Vertical fenestration: total area shall not be greater than specified in Table 5.5-1 thru 8 based on climate zone. (0% to 40% of wall)
• SHGC and U value requirements based on location/climate
• Allows higher SHGC when exterior shading devices as provided
Daylighting Requirements Vertical Fenestration:
Codes and StandardsASHRAE STANDARD ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 – 2010 & 2013 Daylighting Controls Requirements
Wal-Mart Checkout
Codes and Standards
Total daylight area under skylights + rooftop monitors >900 ft2, lamps in area must be separately controlled by at least one multilevel photocontrol with the following:
• Light sensor for the photocontrol shall be remote from where calibration adjustments are made
• Calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible
• Multilevel photocontrol at least 2 steps – between 0 - 35% and 50 -70%
• Or continuous dimming
90.1 2013
Daylighting Control Requirements for Toplighting
Spaces where combined input power for all general lighting is 150 W or greater:• Required characteristics:
• Adjustments readily accessible• Lighting in overlapping
sidelighted and top lighted areas shall be controlled together
• Multilevel set points: OFF/20-40%/50-70%/ON
• Exceptions:• Certain external obstructions• Skylight VT < 0.4• Spaces in climate zone 8 where
general lighting is < 200W
90.1 2010
Codes and Standards
Daylighting Control Requirements for sidelighting:
Waldorf High School – Architect: David Bushnell, 450 Architects,
Photographer: Mark Darley Photography
Codes and Standards
Total daylight area under skylights + rooftop monitors > 900 ft2, lamps in area must be separately controlled by at least one multilevel photocontrol with the following:
• Light sensor for the photocontrol shall be remote from where calibration adjustments are made
• Calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible
• Multilevel photocontrol at least 2 steps – between 0 - 35% and 50 - 70%
• Or continuous dimming
90.1 2013
Daylighting Control Requirements for Sidelighting
Photocell control required when:• Primary sidelight area > 150w• Primary + Secondary > 300W
Required characteristics:• Adjustments readily accessible• Lighting in Primary & secondary
areas controlled separately• Multilevel set points: OFF/20-
40%/50-70%/ON (2 control points between off and on)
• Or continuous dimmingExceptions:
• Certain external obstructions• Glazing area too small• Retail spaces
90.1 2010
Calculating Daylighting Area - Toplighting
Toplighting Zone for Skylights
Use the smallest of the following:
• Skylight dimensions + 70% ceiling height (in each direction or
• Half the distance to the next skylight
• Distance to any primary sidelighted area
• Or the distance to the front face of any obstruction
Calculating Daylight Zones - Sidelighting
Primary Sidelighted Area• Width of glazing plus 2 ft. on each side or
distance to 5 ft. or higher obstruction• Depth is equal to window height or
distance to any 5 ft. or higher obstruction
Secondary Sidelighted Area• Width of glazing plus 2 ft. on each side or
distance to 5 ft. or higher obstruction• Depth of primary plus window height or
distance to any 5 ft. or higher
obstruction
• Distance to skylight, daylight area
Codes and Standards
• Total building sustainability approach to design
• Based on Standard 90.1 2010• From site location to energy use to
recycling• Standard for green building
through adoption into local codes• Compliance criteria
• Goal to achieve min. 30% reduction in energy cost over 90.1-2007
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES
STANDARD 189.1 - 2011
Standard for the design
of high-performance
green buildings
Codes and StandardsAddenda Daylighting Requirements
Changed:
• Spaces in building less than 3 stories
• Space area > 5000 sq.ft.
• Directly under roof and ceiling > 15 ft.
• Light power allowance > 0.5 W/ft2
• Minimum Daylight Area – 50% of floor
area
• Skylights no less than 3% of daylight
area
• Primary sidelighted areas shall have a
sidelighting effective aperture of > 0.15
• Visible Transmittance (VT) of skylights
and roof monitors no less than 0.40
• Skylight haze value > 90%
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES
STANDARD 189.1 - 2011
Standard for the design
of high-performance
green buildings
Codes and Standards
• Meet requirements of ASHRAE 90.1 (for Navy and Air Force projects started prior to July 9, 2014 use 90.1 2007 and thereafter – 2010. For Army use ASHRAE 90.1 2010
• Design buildings to achieve at least 30% reductions in energy consumption over ASHRAE 90.1 baseline.
• If 30% is not life-cycle cost-effective,modify design to achieve an energy consumption level at the highest level of energy efficiency that is life-cycle cost effective
• Daylighting: meet requirements of ASHRAE 189.1 Section 8.4.1 –Sidelighting or Section 8.5.1 Daylight Simulation
Codes and StandardsRecently completed with most comprehensive daylighting mandates.
• Comprehensive list of building types • Building < 2 stories above grade, > 50% net
floor area shall be in daylit area• Buildings > 3 stories above grade, > 20% in
daylit area• Required area is modified to account for
obstructions of walls or roof• Prescriptive and Performance Path for
compliance• Prescriptive Minimum Effective Aperture by
sky type for North America. For ¾ of country, sidelighting is 12% and toplighting is 1.2%
• Performance Path - minimum and maximum footcandles for morning and afternoon on spring equinox
International Green
Construction Code
Codes and Standards
2013 Version effective Jan. 1, 2014
• Title 24 applies to all California buildings.• Title 24 part 6 – Energy Code, Hospitals are exempt
but Medical Building and Long Term Care Facilities are included.
• CA Green Building Standard (CAL Green) has sections enforced by OSHPD – Office of Statewide Hospital Planning and Development.
• Minimum Skylight Area for large enclosed spaces in buildings < 3 stories, spaces > 8,000 sq.ft. directly under roof and ceiling > 15”
• 50% of floor shall be combination or sidelight and toplight.
• Skylight & sidelight primary areas shall be show on building plans
• Skylight area shall be < 5%• Skylight diffuser shall have measured haze value of
>90%
California Energy
Commission
Building Energy
Efficiency Standards
Codes and Standards
2013 Version effective Jan. 1, 2014
Control Requirements
• Primary sidelit and skylit daylight areas
shall have at least one control
• Control at least 50% of general
lighting in daylight areas
separately
• Controls luminaires in primary
sidelit areas separately from skylit
areas
• Photosensors not readily accessible
but calibration adjustments are
• Automatic control shall be multi-level
continuous dimming or have at least 1
control step between 50% & 70%
Codes and StandardsIntent: connect building occupants with outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, & reduce use of electric lighting
EQ Credit Daylight 1 - 3 points
• Applies to:• New Construction• Core & Shell• Schools• Retail• Data Centers• Warehouses & distribution centers• Hospitality• Healthcare ( 1 -2 points)
• Provide manual or automatic (with manual override) glare-control devices for all regularly occupied spaces
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Codes and StandardsSelect one option of the following three to show compliance:
1. Simulation: Spatial Daylight Autonomy & Annual Sunlight Exposure (2 – 3 pts.) sDA defines the percentage of an area that
is > 300 lx, 50% of the time during normal working hours through daylighta) 55% sDA300/50% - 2 pts.b) 75% sDA300/50% - 3 pts.
And demonstrate through annual computer simulations – annual sunlight exposure (aSE) of no more than 10% is achieved (regularly occupied floor area daylit per sDA300/50% )a) ASE1000,250 – 1000 lx for more than 250
hr/yr
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Codes and Standards
Select option to show compliance
2. Simulation: Illuminance calculations (1 – 2 pts.) Demonstrate through computer
modeling that illuminance levels will be between 300 lx and 3,000 lux for 9am and 3pm both clear-sky day at equinox for floor are below (regularly occupied floor area.a) 75% - 1 pt.b) 90% - 2 pts.
Exclude shades and blinds Include permanent interior obstructions
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Codes and StandardsSelect option to show compliance
3. Measurements: Achieve Illuminance levels between 300 lx and 3,000 lx for the floor area indicated 75% - 2 pts. 90% - 3 pts. With furniture, fixtures and equipment in
place measure illuminance levels as follows:• Measure at work plane height during
any hour between 9am and 3pm• Take one measurement in any
regularly occupied month• Take a second as indicated in Table 4
• Ex. 1st Jan. – 2nd May - September Exclude shades and blinds Include permanent interior obstructions
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Codes and StandardsIntent: to give building occupants a connection to the natural outdoor environment by providing quality views.
EQ Credit: Quality Views 1 - 2 points
• Applies to:• New Construction (1 pt.)• Core & Shell (1 pt.)
• Schools (1 pt.)
• Retail (1 pt.)
• Data Centers (1 pt.)
• Warehouses & distribution centers (1 pt.)
• Hospitality (1 pt.)
• Healthcare ( 1 -2 points)
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Codes and StandardsNC, CS, Schools, Retail, Data Centers, Hospitality
• Achieve direct line of site to outdoors via vision glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area Must provide clear image of exterior, not
obstructed by frits, fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort color balance
At least 75% of floor area must have one of the following 4 kinds of views:• Multiple lines of sight at least 90 deg. apart• Views that include at least 2 of the
following:• Flora, fauna or sky• Movement• Objects at least 25’ from exterior
glazing• Unobstructed view located within the
distance of 3x head height of window glazing
• Views with a view factor of 3 or greater
LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction
Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example
Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example
Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds and skylight louvers closed
Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example
Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closed
Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example
Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closedSkylights open full and blinds closed
Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example
Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closed
Skylights open full and blinds closed
Maximum Daylight: Skylights and blinds open full
Calculate Daylight Zones
• Skylight dimensions + 70% ceiling height
(in each direction)
• Skylight – 4 ft. x 8 ft.
• 20 ft. x .70 = 14 ft.
4 ft. + 28 ft. = 32 ft.
8 ft. + 28 ft. = 36 ft.
32 x 36 = 1296 ft2
Toplighting Applications
Calculating Toplighting Daylight Zones
Exercise
1) Calculate daylit zones
2) Diagram them on the floor or reflected ceiling plan
• Skylights: 4 ft. x 8 ft.
• Ceiling Height – 20 ft.
• 20 x .7 = 14 ft. add to all sides
• Daylit Zone: 32 ft. x 36 ft.
Ceiling Height – 20 ft.
Calculating Toplighting Daylight Zones
Exercise
1) Calculate primary daylit zones
2) Diagram them on the floor or reflected ceiling plan
• Skylights: 4 ft. x 8 ft.
• Daylight Zone: 32 ft. x 36 ft.
Daylight zone
Calculating Toplighting – Uniform Coverage
(Area x 5%)/Area of Skylight
(100,000 sf x .05)/(5’ x 10’)
5,000 sf/50 sf = 100 skylights
Controls for Economic Benefit
When do the lights need to be on?What is the set point for dimming or turning off the lighting?
Closed Loop Photosensor
Closed Loop Definition:
“The photosensor is exposed to an area that represents the brightness of the room, including contribution from electric light and daylight.”
• Used for precise task-based lighting levels and where people remain in space.
• Requires a photosensor in every space.
Examples/Applications • Classrooms• Offices• Labs• Gymnasiums• Libraries
Valley High Library – Architect: Noll & Tam Architects,
Photographer: David Wakely
Closed Loop Photosensor
Closed Loop Definition: “The photosensor is exposed to an area that represents the brightness of the room, including contribution from electric light and daylight.”
Photosensor
Electric Lights
Glazing
Viewing area
represents contributions from daylight
and electric light
45°
Caveat for Indirect Luminaires
Indirect luminaires can be a problem for ceiling-mounted photosensors
Caveat for Indirect Luminaires
Mounting a “small footprint” photosensor directly onto the luminaire can solve this problem.
Luminaire Mounted Photosensor
Photosensors can also be set up to control only a single fixture for daylight harvesting on a smaller scale, such as in a private office.
Digital Photosensor – Open Loop
Open Loop Definition:
“The photosensor views daylight directly and does not respond to or ‘see’ the electric light that it controls.”
• Large open areas - people are moving through the space
• One global photosensor can control a large area
• Typically toplighting
applications
Examples/Applications:
• Big box retailers
• Warehouses
• Shopping Mall
Wal-Mart
Open Loop Photosensor
Skylight
Photosensor
Light Well
Electric Lights
Open Loop Definition:
“The photosensor views daylight directly and does not respond to or ‘see’ the electric light that it controls.”
Test Your Knowledge
Open or closed loop?
Photosensor Placement?
Big Box Skylight Application
Test Your Knowledge
Open or closed loop?
Open Loop
Placement?
Near Skylight DigitalPhotosensor
Calculation MethodsCalculations derived using Energy Design Resources SkyCalcTM
Calculation Methods
SkyCalcTM is a free excel based program and can be downloaded at either:
www.energydesignresources.com/resources/software-tools/skycalc.aspx
www.h-m-g.com/downloads/SkyCalc/skycalcreg.htm
Weather Data can also be downloaded at Energy Design Resources site
Simulation Software
• Visual – new daylighting module
http://www.visual-3d.com/
• AGI 32 – Lighting Analysts
http://www.agi32.com/
• DIALux – DIAL Light.Building.Software
http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux.html
• Skycalc – toplighting solutions
www.h-m-g.com/downloads/SkyCalc/skycalcreg.htm
Tools
• Daylighting Pattern Book – Lighting Research Center
• Physical Modeling Methods
• Daylighting Design and Simulation Laboratory,
University of Washington
http://idlseattle.com/Daylight/daylighting.html
• Overcast Sky Simulator (Mirror Skybox) – Pacific
Energy Center
• http://www.pge.com//myhome/edusafety/worksh
opstraining/pec/daylight/
Daylighting Software & Tools
Course Summary
In this course you have learned….
• Define Daylight Harvesting and explain the impact it can have on an organization’s people, productivity, and energy savings.
• Conceptualize opportunities for Daylighting in their projects whether sidelighting, toplighting or a combination.
• Understand the current codes which are mandating daylight harvesting.
• Understand how to calculate daylight zones for toplightingand sidelighting applications.
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Questions?
This concludes the formal AIA presentation
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Blum Hall, UC Berkeley
Architect: Gensler, Photographer: Sherman Takata