Designing Buildings for Daylight Harvesting

AIA Course #AB228

Sandra Stashik, PE, FIES, LEEDAP

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AIA Continuing Education

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© Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc. and/or its suppliers - 2014

All trademarks referenced are the property of their respective owners.

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Acuity Brands is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of

this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.

Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or

construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of

construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or

dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,

methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this

presentation.

AIA Continuing Education3

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this seminar, participants will be able to:

• Define Daylight Harvesting and explain the impact it can have on an organization’s people, productivity, and energy savings.

• Conceptualize opportunities for Daylighting in their projects

• Understand the current codes mandating daylight harvesting

• Understand how to calculate daylight zones for toplighting and sidelighting applications.

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Agenda

• What defines good Daylighting Design

• Why is Daylight Harvesting important

• Review of Daylighting methods

• Codes and Standards & their impact on Daylighting Design

• Calculating Primary and Secondary Daylight Zones

• Toplighting Design Criteria

• Summary and Q&A?

Benefits of Daylight

Daylighting and Views Studies Link:

• Higher levels of worker satisfaction and productivity

• Improved employee morale

• Office workers performed 10-25% better on tests and recall with views

• Maximum 40% increase in retail sales

• Students progressed 20-26% faster on math and reading tests

• Shorter hospital stays and reduced pain in patients.

• Views help to relieve stress

• Reduced agitation in Alzheimer’s patients

–Above data supported by Heschong Mahone studies, 1999, 2003 and PG&E Daylighting Initiative AAA Office, California

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Educational Benefits of Daylighting Benefits of Daylight

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90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

125%

Math Reading

MinDaylight

MaxDaylight

Improvements in Math & Reading Scores

What is “Good Daylighting Design”?

• Designing to optimize introduction of daylighting

• Orientating building to maximize north and south and minimize east and west exposure.

• Minimizing any direct sunlight, solar radiation and glare

• Reducing extreme contrast from daylight areas to non daylight areas

• Controlling electric lighting in response to daylighting

8Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald

Waldron Associates; Photographer: David Lamb

Why is Daylighting in Buildings Important?

• Connection to the outdoors

• Views and the ability to focus on distant objects

• Circadian Rhythm – our internal clock, requires daylight, shortwave length morning light to regulate bodily functions

• Decreases length of hospital stay

• Reduce post operative pain

• Daylighting + controls reduces building energy usage

• New codes are mandating daylight harvesting

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SunPower Corporation,

Architect: Marcy Wong,

Photographer: Billy

Hustace

Man has Evolved in Changing Daylight

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Kenyon College – Pierce Hall

Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald Waldron

Associates, Photographer: David Lamb

Sunrise and sunset – Andy King -

http://outofdoorsphotography.ca

Circadian Rhythms

What are Circadian Rhythms?In mammals a wide variety of physiological and behavioral events exhibit circadian rhythms:

• Sleep-wake cycle• Changes in hormone levels• Core body temperature• Blood pressure

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Regulating Circadian Rhythms

• Early morning exposure to higher light levels, especially in the short wavelength region of the visible spectrum (460-500 nm)

• Early morning outdoor activities between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., or indoors with daylight

• Schools, offices with spectrally neutral light transmission

• Maximum benefit in winter at high latitudes

• Warmer, long-wavelength light in late afternoon and evening

• Dark or amber light at night to allow for melatonin production 13

Courtesy of the Lighting Research Center, Jennifer Brons

LRC Study of students with orange glasses which blocked short wavelength blue light, this delayed melatonin production and sleep onset

Chisholm School, Photographer: Peter Kerze

Reduction in Energy Use

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Kenyon College – Pierce Hall

Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald

Waldron Associates, Photographer: David Lamb

• First step – provide daylighting

• Second step – provide the control system to dim or turn off the electric lighting

• There is no energy savings if the lights remain on!

Best Buy

Benefits of Daylighting

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29%

21%

50% Lighting energy

Cooling energy

Demand charges

Energy Center of Wisconsin: http://www.ecw.org/ecwresults/233-1.pdf

Daylighting Methods

P a n t h e o n , R o m e A D 1 1 8

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– Toplighting • skylights

• atriums

• monitors

• clerestory windows

• tubular daylighting devices (TDD)

– Sidelighting• Vertical fenestration

• Light Shelves

How Do You Introduce Daylight?

Daylighting Methods - Atriums

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Atrium toplighting with clear skylights provides daylight and view of the sky

Kenyon College – Pierce Hall

Architect: Gund Partnership, Lighting Design: Grenald Waldron

Associates, Photographer: David Lamb

Cherry Hill Mall - JPRA Architects, Grenald Waldron

Assoc.: Lighting Design, Photographer: Jay Rosenblatt

Daylighting Methods - Monitors

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Providing diffuse north light – technique often used in art galleries top floors of older building and manufacturing facilities

Daylighting Methods – TDD & Skylights

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Daylighting Methods – TDD’s

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Passive Toplighting in suspended ceilings

1. Capture2. Transport3. Control4. Distribute

Advantages:• Captures low angle light• Captures light even on cloudy days• Control light through internal louver,

“Dimmable Daylight”• Provides diffuse light with lensed

optics

Daylighting Methods – Heliostats

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Active Vertical1. Heliostat reflector – captures direct sunlight2. 45 deg. mirror directs beam through roof3. Coupled with concentrating reflector or refractor4. Direct light further into space through a light pipe

Advantages• Capture and direct light deep into buildings on sunny

days (no collection when cloudy)• One penetration can provide several internal light

beams

Daylighting Methods - Skylights

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WAL-MART High Efficiency Store – lights dim to off when there is sufficient daylight

Savings = $50MZero Energy Lobby –

Skylights and one window

Daylighting Methods - Sidelighting

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Charlottesville Downtown Transit Center – LEED GoldArchitect: WRT, Photographer: Jeffery Totario

Daylighting Methods - Combination

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Toplighting for diffuse skylights and side lighting from vertical glazing:• provide daylighting for

the pool • metal halide fixtures dim

in response to the daylight

Project Goals:• Maximize usable daylight

to reduce energy consumption and lamp replacement

• Enhance interior environment & provide a connection to outdoors

Kenyon College – Athletic Center

Architect: Gund Partnership, Daylighting Design: Atelier 10, Lighting Design:

Grenald Waldron Assoc., Photographer: David Lamb

Intro: What is Daylight Harvesting?

• Architectural planning to maximize daylight

• Intentional use of daylight to illuminate a space

• Control of lights to dim or completely shut-off

• Integral direct sun and glare control, through:– shades

– blinds

– external shading devices

– light shelves

– Electrochromic glazing

How does it work?• Ceiling mounted digital

photosensor

• Detects daylight + electric

light levels

• Automatically adjusts the

electric lighting to maintain

a pre-determined light level

Note: Daylight ≠ Sunlight

How does it work?

Assessing the BuildingInterior Elements

• Room geometry

• Surface reflectance

• Windows and Skylights₋ Aperture, transmissivity, shading devices

Exterior Elements• Light shelves• Louvers• Adjacent structures and elements

Valley High Library, Architect: Noll & Tam Architects,

Photographer: David Wakely

Sidelighting vs. ToplightingSidelighting:

• Daylight entering the space from windows and light shelves

Toplighting:

• Daylight entering the space via skylights, monitors, clerestories, active and passive light tubes

Food Lion Corp. Photographer: Charlie McClarty

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – 2010 & 2013 (& 189.1-2011) – Mandate for daylighting in certain building types and lighting controls required for many toplighting and sidelighting situations.

• IECC – 2012– Mandate for daylighting in certain building types and lighting controls required for many toplighting situations. (90.1 is alternate compliance standard.

• IGCC – 2012( International Green Construction Code) Mandate for daylighting in certain occupancies and lighting controls required for many daylighting situations.

• California Title 24 and Green Building Mandate. Rules for height go away and any building over 8,000 sq. ft. will be required to daylight to obtain permits.

• LEED 2009 – Daylighting directly supports EA Credit 1 points: Optimize Energy Performance and IEQ Credit 8.1 points: Daylight & Views points• LEED v4 – Quality Views – EQc8 – 2 pts., Daylighting Eqc & - 2 pts. Based on EQc8, EQc6 Interior Lighting – 1 pt. controls

Building Codes – Changing FAST

Codes and Standards: Commercial State Adoption

Codes and Standards

ASHRAE STANDARD ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 - 2010

Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

ASHRAE 90.1 Codes and Daylighting Requirements

• Skylights required: • buildings < 4 stories• spaces over 15’ height and 5000

sq.ft.• With daylight responsive controls• Office, lobby, atrium, concourse..

90.1 - 2010 90.1 - 2013• Skylights required:

• Minimum Skylights fenestration area in enclosed space directly under roof - spaces over 15’ height and 2500 sq.ft. with daylight responsive controls

• Office, lobby, atrium, concourse, corridor, storage, gym, fitness/exercise, event…

• Minimum skylight area to daylight area under skylights of 3% with a skylight VT of at least 0.40

• Haze value of >90%

Daylighting Requirements for Skylights:

ASHRAE 90.1 Codes and Daylighting Requirements

• Total vertical fenestration area < 40% of gross wall area

• Vertical fenestration on south façade > both the east and the west facades individually

• SHGC and U value requirements based on location/climate

• Allows higher SHGC when exterior shading devices as provided

90.1 - 2010 90.1 - 2013

• Vertical fenestration: total area shall not be greater than specified in Table 5.5-1 thru 8 based on climate zone. (0% to 40% of wall)

• SHGC and U value requirements based on location/climate

• Allows higher SHGC when exterior shading devices as provided

Daylighting Requirements Vertical Fenestration:

Codes and StandardsASHRAE STANDARD ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 – 2010 & 2013 Daylighting Controls Requirements

Wal-Mart Checkout

Codes and Standards

Total daylight area under skylights + rooftop monitors >900 ft2, lamps in area must be separately controlled by at least one multilevel photocontrol with the following:

• Light sensor for the photocontrol shall be remote from where calibration adjustments are made

• Calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible

• Multilevel photocontrol at least 2 steps – between 0 - 35% and 50 -70%

• Or continuous dimming

90.1 2013

Daylighting Control Requirements for Toplighting

Spaces where combined input power for all general lighting is 150 W or greater:• Required characteristics:

• Adjustments readily accessible• Lighting in overlapping

sidelighted and top lighted areas shall be controlled together

• Multilevel set points: OFF/20-40%/50-70%/ON

• Exceptions:• Certain external obstructions• Skylight VT < 0.4• Spaces in climate zone 8 where

general lighting is < 200W

90.1 2010

Codes and Standards

Daylighting Control Requirements for sidelighting:

Waldorf High School – Architect: David Bushnell, 450 Architects,

Photographer: Mark Darley Photography

Codes and Standards

Total daylight area under skylights + rooftop monitors > 900 ft2, lamps in area must be separately controlled by at least one multilevel photocontrol with the following:

• Light sensor for the photocontrol shall be remote from where calibration adjustments are made

• Calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible

• Multilevel photocontrol at least 2 steps – between 0 - 35% and 50 - 70%

• Or continuous dimming

90.1 2013

Daylighting Control Requirements for Sidelighting

Photocell control required when:• Primary sidelight area > 150w• Primary + Secondary > 300W

Required characteristics:• Adjustments readily accessible• Lighting in Primary & secondary

areas controlled separately• Multilevel set points: OFF/20-

40%/50-70%/ON (2 control points between off and on)

• Or continuous dimmingExceptions:

• Certain external obstructions• Glazing area too small• Retail spaces

90.1 2010

Calculating Daylighting Area - Toplighting

Toplighting Zone for Skylights

Use the smallest of the following:

• Skylight dimensions + 70% ceiling height (in each direction or

• Half the distance to the next skylight

• Distance to any primary sidelighted area

• Or the distance to the front face of any obstruction

Calculating Daylight Zones - Sidelighting

Primary Sidelighted Area• Width of glazing plus 2 ft. on each side or

distance to 5 ft. or higher obstruction• Depth is equal to window height or

distance to any 5 ft. or higher obstruction

Secondary Sidelighted Area• Width of glazing plus 2 ft. on each side or

distance to 5 ft. or higher obstruction• Depth of primary plus window height or

distance to any 5 ft. or higher

obstruction

• Distance to skylight, daylight area

Codes and Standards

• Total building sustainability approach to design

• Based on Standard 90.1 2010• From site location to energy use to

recycling• Standard for green building

through adoption into local codes• Compliance criteria

• Goal to achieve min. 30% reduction in energy cost over 90.1-2007

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES

STANDARD 189.1 - 2011

Standard for the design

of high-performance

green buildings

Codes and StandardsAddenda Daylighting Requirements

Changed:

• Spaces in building less than 3 stories

• Space area > 5000 sq.ft.

• Directly under roof and ceiling > 15 ft.

• Light power allowance > 0.5 W/ft2

• Minimum Daylight Area – 50% of floor

area

• Skylights no less than 3% of daylight

area

• Primary sidelighted areas shall have a

sidelighting effective aperture of > 0.15

• Visible Transmittance (VT) of skylights

and roof monitors no less than 0.40

• Skylight haze value > 90%

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES

STANDARD 189.1 - 2011

Standard for the design

of high-performance

green buildings

Codes and Standards

• Meet requirements of ASHRAE 90.1 (for Navy and Air Force projects started prior to July 9, 2014 use 90.1 2007 and thereafter – 2010. For Army use ASHRAE 90.1 2010

• Design buildings to achieve at least 30% reductions in energy consumption over ASHRAE 90.1 baseline.

• If 30% is not life-cycle cost-effective,modify design to achieve an energy consumption level at the highest level of energy efficiency that is life-cycle cost effective

• Daylighting: meet requirements of ASHRAE 189.1 Section 8.4.1 –Sidelighting or Section 8.5.1 Daylight Simulation

Codes and StandardsRecently completed with most comprehensive daylighting mandates.

• Comprehensive list of building types • Building < 2 stories above grade, > 50% net

floor area shall be in daylit area• Buildings > 3 stories above grade, > 20% in

daylit area• Required area is modified to account for

obstructions of walls or roof• Prescriptive and Performance Path for

compliance• Prescriptive Minimum Effective Aperture by

sky type for North America. For ¾ of country, sidelighting is 12% and toplighting is 1.2%

• Performance Path - minimum and maximum footcandles for morning and afternoon on spring equinox

International Green

Construction Code

Codes and Standards

2013 Version effective Jan. 1, 2014

• Title 24 applies to all California buildings.• Title 24 part 6 – Energy Code, Hospitals are exempt

but Medical Building and Long Term Care Facilities are included.

• CA Green Building Standard (CAL Green) has sections enforced by OSHPD – Office of Statewide Hospital Planning and Development.

• Minimum Skylight Area for large enclosed spaces in buildings < 3 stories, spaces > 8,000 sq.ft. directly under roof and ceiling > 15”

• 50% of floor shall be combination or sidelight and toplight.

• Skylight & sidelight primary areas shall be show on building plans

• Skylight area shall be < 5%• Skylight diffuser shall have measured haze value of

>90%

California Energy

Commission

Building Energy

Efficiency Standards

Codes and Standards

2013 Version effective Jan. 1, 2014

Control Requirements

• Primary sidelit and skylit daylight areas

shall have at least one control

• Control at least 50% of general

lighting in daylight areas

separately

• Controls luminaires in primary

sidelit areas separately from skylit

areas

• Photosensors not readily accessible

but calibration adjustments are

• Automatic control shall be multi-level

continuous dimming or have at least 1

control step between 50% & 70%

Codes and StandardsIntent: connect building occupants with outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, & reduce use of electric lighting

EQ Credit Daylight 1 - 3 points

• Applies to:• New Construction• Core & Shell• Schools• Retail• Data Centers• Warehouses & distribution centers• Hospitality• Healthcare ( 1 -2 points)

• Provide manual or automatic (with manual override) glare-control devices for all regularly occupied spaces

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Codes and StandardsSelect one option of the following three to show compliance:

1. Simulation: Spatial Daylight Autonomy & Annual Sunlight Exposure (2 – 3 pts.) sDA defines the percentage of an area that

is > 300 lx, 50% of the time during normal working hours through daylighta) 55% sDA300/50% - 2 pts.b) 75% sDA300/50% - 3 pts.

And demonstrate through annual computer simulations – annual sunlight exposure (aSE) of no more than 10% is achieved (regularly occupied floor area daylit per sDA300/50% )a) ASE1000,250 – 1000 lx for more than 250

hr/yr

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Codes and Standards

Select option to show compliance

2. Simulation: Illuminance calculations (1 – 2 pts.) Demonstrate through computer

modeling that illuminance levels will be between 300 lx and 3,000 lux for 9am and 3pm both clear-sky day at equinox for floor are below (regularly occupied floor area.a) 75% - 1 pt.b) 90% - 2 pts.

Exclude shades and blinds Include permanent interior obstructions

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Codes and StandardsSelect option to show compliance

3. Measurements: Achieve Illuminance levels between 300 lx and 3,000 lx for the floor area indicated 75% - 2 pts. 90% - 3 pts. With furniture, fixtures and equipment in

place measure illuminance levels as follows:• Measure at work plane height during

any hour between 9am and 3pm• Take one measurement in any

regularly occupied month• Take a second as indicated in Table 4

• Ex. 1st Jan. – 2nd May - September Exclude shades and blinds Include permanent interior obstructions

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Codes and StandardsIntent: to give building occupants a connection to the natural outdoor environment by providing quality views.

EQ Credit: Quality Views 1 - 2 points

• Applies to:• New Construction (1 pt.)• Core & Shell (1 pt.)

• Schools (1 pt.)

• Retail (1 pt.)

• Data Centers (1 pt.)

• Warehouses & distribution centers (1 pt.)

• Hospitality (1 pt.)

• Healthcare ( 1 -2 points)

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Codes and StandardsNC, CS, Schools, Retail, Data Centers, Hospitality

• Achieve direct line of site to outdoors via vision glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area Must provide clear image of exterior, not

obstructed by frits, fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort color balance

At least 75% of floor area must have one of the following 4 kinds of views:• Multiple lines of sight at least 90 deg. apart• Views that include at least 2 of the

following:• Flora, fauna or sky• Movement• Objects at least 25’ from exterior

glazing• Unobstructed view located within the

distance of 3x head height of window glazing

• Views with a view factor of 3 or greater

LEED v4 for BD+C Building Design & Construction

Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example

Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example

Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds and skylight louvers closed

Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example

Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closed

Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example

Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closedSkylights open full and blinds closed

Classroom Daylight Harvesting Example

Blinds and skylight louvers closedBlinds open and skylight louvers closed

Skylights open full and blinds closed

Maximum Daylight: Skylights and blinds open full

Calculate Daylight Zones

• Skylight dimensions + 70% ceiling height

(in each direction)

• Skylight – 4 ft. x 8 ft.

• 20 ft. x .70 = 14 ft.

4 ft. + 28 ft. = 32 ft.

8 ft. + 28 ft. = 36 ft.

32 x 36 = 1296 ft2

Toplighting Applications

Calculating Toplighting Daylight Zones

Exercise

1) Calculate daylit zones

2) Diagram them on the floor or reflected ceiling plan

• Skylights: 4 ft. x 8 ft.

• Ceiling Height – 20 ft.

• 20 x .7 = 14 ft. add to all sides

• Daylit Zone: 32 ft. x 36 ft.

Ceiling Height – 20 ft.

Calculating Toplighting Daylight Zones

Exercise

1) Calculate primary daylit zones

2) Diagram them on the floor or reflected ceiling plan

• Skylights: 4 ft. x 8 ft.

• Daylight Zone: 32 ft. x 36 ft.

Daylight zone

Calculating Toplighting – Uniform Coverage

(Area x 5%)/Area of Skylight

(100,000 sf x .05)/(5’ x 10’)

5,000 sf/50 sf = 100 skylights

Controls for Economic Benefit

When do the lights need to be on?What is the set point for dimming or turning off the lighting?

Closed Loop Photosensor

Closed Loop Definition:

“The photosensor is exposed to an area that represents the brightness of the room, including contribution from electric light and daylight.”

• Used for precise task-based lighting levels and where people remain in space.

• Requires a photosensor in every space.

Examples/Applications • Classrooms• Offices• Labs• Gymnasiums• Libraries

Valley High Library – Architect: Noll & Tam Architects,

Photographer: David Wakely

Closed Loop Photosensor

Closed Loop Definition: “The photosensor is exposed to an area that represents the brightness of the room, including contribution from electric light and daylight.”

Photosensor

Electric Lights

Glazing

Viewing area

represents contributions from daylight

and electric light

45°

Caveat for Indirect Luminaires

Indirect luminaires can be a problem for ceiling-mounted photosensors

Caveat for Indirect Luminaires

Mounting a “small footprint” photosensor directly onto the luminaire can solve this problem.

Luminaire Mounted Photosensor

Photosensors can also be set up to control only a single fixture for daylight harvesting on a smaller scale, such as in a private office.

Digital Photosensor – Open Loop

Open Loop Definition:

“The photosensor views daylight directly and does not respond to or ‘see’ the electric light that it controls.”

• Large open areas - people are moving through the space

• One global photosensor can control a large area

• Typically toplighting

applications

Examples/Applications:

• Big box retailers

• Warehouses

• Shopping Mall

Wal-Mart

Open Loop Photosensor

Skylight

Photosensor

Light Well

Electric Lights

Open Loop Definition:

“The photosensor views daylight directly and does not respond to or ‘see’ the electric light that it controls.”

Test Your Knowledge

Open or closed loop?

Photosensor Placement?

Big Box Skylight Application

Test Your Knowledge

Open or closed loop?

Open Loop

Placement?

Near Skylight DigitalPhotosensor

Calculation MethodsCalculations derived using Energy Design Resources SkyCalcTM

Calculation Methods

SkyCalcTM is a free excel based program and can be downloaded at either:

www.energydesignresources.com/resources/software-tools/skycalc.aspx

www.h-m-g.com/downloads/SkyCalc/skycalcreg.htm

Weather Data can also be downloaded at Energy Design Resources site

Simulation Software

• Visual – new daylighting module

http://www.visual-3d.com/

• AGI 32 – Lighting Analysts

http://www.agi32.com/

• DIALux – DIAL Light.Building.Software

http://www.dial.de/DIAL/en/dialux.html

• Skycalc – toplighting solutions

www.h-m-g.com/downloads/SkyCalc/skycalcreg.htm

Tools

• Daylighting Pattern Book – Lighting Research Center

• Physical Modeling Methods

• Daylighting Design and Simulation Laboratory,

University of Washington

http://idlseattle.com/Daylight/daylighting.html

• Overcast Sky Simulator (Mirror Skybox) – Pacific

Energy Center

• http://www.pge.com//myhome/edusafety/worksh

opstraining/pec/daylight/

Daylighting Software & Tools

Course Summary

In this course you have learned….

• Define Daylight Harvesting and explain the impact it can have on an organization’s people, productivity, and energy savings.

• Conceptualize opportunities for Daylighting in their projects whether sidelighting, toplighting or a combination.

• Understand the current codes which are mandating daylight harvesting.

• Understand how to calculate daylight zones for toplightingand sidelighting applications.

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Questions?

This concludes the formal AIA presentation

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Blum Hall, UC Berkeley

Architect: Gensler, Photographer: Sherman Takata