Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Decolonization and the Decline of the
European World OrderChapters 33 & 34
INDIAIndia
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
British India 1947
A.O. Hume in the center- “The Rebel in the Raj”
The British Government took full control of India away from the East India Company in 1858
B. G. Tilak 1856-1920•Nationalist Leader•Appealed to Hindus•Imprisoned then Exiled by Britain•Extremist•His removal opened the way for moderates like Gandhi, Jinnah & Nehru
Mohandas Gandhi
•Western-educated lawyer•Self styled mystic and guru for appeal to the masses•Practiced non-violent civil disobedience adapted from American Henry David Thoreau. He called this satyagraha “truth force”• Salt March of 1931• Arrested many times• Stressed the importance of Indian economic self- sufficiency•Assassinated by a Hindu extremist in 1948
“Mahatma” Gandhi became a folk hero and symbol of Indian Nationalism
Jawaharlal Nehru•Less ‘mystical’ nationalist leader•First Prime Minister of independent India•Seen as a successor to Gandhi
The Partition of South Asia:The Formation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
Indian Independence & Partition
•Government of India Act 1935•Quit India Movement 1942•Churchill advocated keeping India•Labour Government elected in 1945•Muslim majority Pakistan advocated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah•Formal transfer of power 1947 •Led to massive population shifts and internal strife•Jammu & Kashmir STILL (2010) in dispute
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
ISRAEL1st Prime Minister
of Israel David Ben Gurion 1886-
1973
PLO Leader Yasser Arafat 1929-2004
Theodor Herzl: Zionism, the need for a Jewish Homeland preferably in Palestine
The Balfour Declaration promised British assistance in establishing a Jewish Homeland
1947 UN Partition PlanRejected by Palestinians
1949 Borders of the ‘New’ country of Israel
1956 Sinai War Israel, France and Britain attacked Egypt in October-November 1956 following Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal. Israel occupied Sinai.
Coordinated UK, France & Israel Attack
Against Egypt
Six-Day War: Before the warFrom 1948 to 1967, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, was ruled by Jordan. During this period, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration. Israeli troops captured Egypt's Sinai peninsula during the 1956 British, French and Israeli military campaign in response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal. The Israelis subsequently withdrew and were replaced with a UN force. In 1967, Egypt ordered the UN troops out and blocked Israeli shipping routes - adding to already high levels of tension between Israel and its neighbors.
1967 “6-Day War”
Preemptive War: Israel Attacks Egypt,
Syria & Jordan
Six-Day War: After the warIn a pre-emptive attack on Egypt that drew Syria and Jordan into a regional war in 1967, Israel made massive territorial gains capturing the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula up to the Suez Canal. The principle of land-for-peace that has formed the basis of Arab-Israeli negotiations is based on Israel giving up land won in the 1967 war in return for peace deals recognizing Israeli borders and its right to security. The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 peace deal with Israel.
1967 “6-Day War”
Israel depicted as an aggressor (with US backing!)
Yom Kippur War 1973
Surprise attack against Israel by Egypt & Syria
Israel Pushes back and regains all territories shown.
Final Peace is Negotiated by US President Jimmy Carter at Camp David in 1978
Signing the Camp David Peace Accords in 1979: L-R Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, US President Jimmy Carter & Israeli
Prime Minister Menachem Began
EGYPT
Nasser 1952-1970 Sadat 1970-1981▲
Mubarak 1981-2011►
LORD CROMER
Cromer’s administration of Egypt benefitted local elites at the expense of workers and farmers.
Gallows erected to execute villagers
Dinshawai Incident 1906•Hunting accident gone very bad
•Overreaction by the British led to feeling of oppression by Egyptians
•Backlash led to limited British reforms
Egyptian Independence•Revolt in 1919•Formation of Wafd Party•Free Officers, 1930s nationalistic•British withdraw to Suez Canal Zone 1936•Khedival Regime retained (under British influence)•Military Coup & Social Revolution led by Nasser allied with Muslim Brotherhood 1952
Gamal Abdul Nasser in power 1952-1970
land redistributionfree educationfood staples regulatedforced British from Canal zone (1956)
Sadat 1970-1981Reduced importance of the militaryEncouraged capitalism & foreign investmentEncouraged education and growth of the middle classNegotiated Peace with IsraelAssassinated by rogue elements in the Egyptian military (1981)
Mubarak 1981-2011Continued Sadat’s policies & reforms but seen as corruptSome electoral reforms, maintained dictatorial powerUSA Ally in “War on Terror”Ousted by popular uprising
Rapid Decolonization in Africa
Kwame Nkrumah Led the Former Gold Coastto Independence
Educated abroad. Schoolteacher. Preached nonviolence. Used boycotts and
strikes. Ultimately successful
1957.
Ghana: First African State to Gain Independence
Kenya
Kenyan Independence: 1963
London educated Jomo Kenyatta provided strong nationalist leadership.
Mau Mau Rebellions made up of Kikuyu farmers weaken British settlers opposition.
Algeria French settlers fought
fiercely to keep Algeria a French colony.
DeGaulle realized afterthe war that France could not hold onto Algeria by force.
Independence came in 1962.
South Africa: Gained independence from the British Empire in stages 1910, 1931 & 1961
Apartheid: Separateness, an official policy of racial separation & discrimination
Racial Groups:Black: 80%White: 9%“Coloured” 9%Asian 2%
Under Apartheid, whites had all the power & privileges.
African National Congress : founded in 1912 to fight for the rights of blacks in South Africa & other white settler societies
in Southern Africa
Nelson Mandelab. 1918
•Jailed for 20 Years for opposing Apartheid•Headed African National Congress•Released form Prison (1990)•Served as President of South Africa (1994-1999)
New South Africa Flag 1994: To represent the various background of ALL citizens
Growth and Proportion of World Population 1930-2000
IranFlag adopted in 1980 after the Islamic Revolution of 1979
Flag of the Pahlavi Dynasty 1925-1979
Oil Resources:Mostly near the Persian Gulf
Became Prime Minister in 1951.
Nationalized the foreign oil companies.
Got rid of corrupt military officials.
Was toppled in a coup aided by the America CIA in 1953.
The Shah of Iran returns to power.
Mohammad Mossadegh
Shah Reza Pahlavi r. 1953-1979Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West .
But, the majority of his people live in poverty.
Brutal suppression of dissidents SAVAK
BUT Firmly Anti-Communist so he retains US support.
The Shah with Several American
Presidents
Kennedy
Nixon
Carter
The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware.
Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy.
Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.”
Government corruption.
The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic human rights of his citizens.
Reasons for the fall of the Shah of Iran 1960s-1970s
Anti-Shah Protests
Shah’s Opponents:
•Oil Workers
•Students & Intellectuals
•Nationalists
•Muslim Clerics
Ayatollah KhomeiniLeads the Revolution
Khomeini returns to Iran from exile on February 11, 1979.
Q7
Ayatollah Khomeini(r. 1979-1989)
1902 – 1989. Became an Islamic scholar (studied in Qom). Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s. Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah. Deported in 1978 & went to France.
Iran Revolutionary Poster
“When the devil leaves, the angel returns!”
American Embassy inTehran Taken Over
Q9
52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Days!
52 American HostagesReleased in Jan., 1981
The Khomeini RevolutionLong Shadow of the Ayatollah:-Time Magazine Cover 1980s
-President Ahmadinejad (2005-Present) gives a speech with an image of the Ayatollah in the background
The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988):Taking Sides
Secretary Rumsfeld& Saddam Hussein: 1983
USA backs Saddam Hussein’s Iraq for being neither Communist nor Islamist
An American view of Iranian nuclear power
PINOCCHIAYATOLLAH
A view of Iran’s nuclear power from Al-Jazeerah
“Nobody else (particularly Iran and Arab countries) should have nuclear weapons except Israel, says
Bush.” ~Hassan Bleybel 10/23/03
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad2005-Present
Western Opinions are VERY NEGATIVE