Post on 30-May-2018
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Presented by:Mr. Naveet Kumar Vankani (11291)
Miss. Saba Shahid ()Mr. Ghufran Nisar (11153)
Mr. Najam-us-Saqib Qasmi (12034)Miss. Iqra Madina (11940)
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DATABASE
It is a concept or file organization.
It consists of related files storedtogether so that group of data items can
be easily accessed or retrieved by thosewho need them.
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Operational Database
It stores detailed data needed to support the business processes & operations of acompany.It is also called subject area database(SADB),transaction database & production database.E.g. Customer database, human database, etc.
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Distributed DatabasesReplication or duplication of copies and
parts of databases to network servers at avariety of websites Improves database performance at
worksites.
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External Database
Databases available for a fee fromcommercial online services, or free from theWeb Example: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full textdatabases
Search engines like Google or Yahoo areexternal databases
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Hypermedia Databases
A hypermedia database contains:
Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
Interrelated hypermedia page elements,
rather than interrelated data records
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How Data are organized in IS:
Data are logically organized intocharacters, fields, records, files.
1. Character: It consists of singlealphabetic, numeric, or other symbol.
2. Field: Grouping of related
characteristics.
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3. Record: It represents a collection of attributes that describe an entity.
4. File: It is a group of related records. Any grouping of related records in
tabular, or row & column form is called a
File. A single table may be referred to as a
Flat file
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DATABASE STRUCTURES
The relationships among manyindividual data elements stored in
database are based on one of theseveral logical data structures or models.
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Types of Database Structure:
Common database structures Hierarchical Network Relational Object-oriented
Multi-dimensional
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Hierarchical Structure
Early DBMS structureRecords arranged in tree-like structure
Relationships are one-to-many
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Network StructureUsed in some mainframe DBMS
packages Many-to-many relationships
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Relational StructureMost widely used structureData elements are stored in tablesRow represents a record; column is a field
Can relate data in one file with data in another,if both files share a common data element
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Relational OperationsSelect Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
Example: employees earning more than$30,000Join Combine two or more tables temporarily Looks like one big tableProject Create a subset of columns in a table
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Multidimensional Structure
Variation of relational model Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data Data elements are viewed as being in cubes Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
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Multidimensional Model
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Object-Oriented StructureAn object consists of Data values describing the attributes of an entity. Operations that can be performed on the data.Encapsulation Combine data and operationsInheritance New objects can be created by replicating some or all of
the characteristics of parent objects
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Object-Oriented Structure
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Database DevelopmentDatabase development:
Involves data planning, database designand implementation
Creation of database models
b d
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Database Administrator (DBA)
In charge of enterprise databasedevelopment
Improves the integrity and security of organizational databasesUses Data Definition Language (DDL) todevelop and specify data contents,
relationships, and structureStores these specifications in a datadictionary or a metadata repository
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Data DictionaryA data dictionary Contains data about data (metadata) Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
It contains information on.. The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships Requirements for end users access and use of
application programs Database maintenance Security
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Data Planning Process
It a top-down process. Develop an enterprise model. Define needs of end user in a business
process. Identify key data elements that are needed to
perform their specific business activities.(ERDs)
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Database Design Process
It is a data modeling process where therelationships are identified in a data
model that supports a basic business process.
This model is called schemas or subschema.
The physical design of data basis.
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Database Development
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Data Warehouses A process of centralized data management and
retrieval. Stores data that has been extracted from other
databases in an organization. Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and catalog. Data is used for data mining, analytical
processing, analysis, research, decision support.
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Data warehouses may be divided intodata marts
Subsets of data that focus on specificaspects of a company (department or business process)
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Data Mining
Data in data warehouses are analyzed toreveal hidden patterns and trends
Market-basket analysis to identify new product bundles Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing problems Prevent customer attrition Acquire new customers
Cross-sell to existing customers Profile customers with more accuracy