Post on 30-Dec-2015
description
Crustaceamorph stem linePrecambrian (>542 mya)
Paleozoic (542-251 mya)
Mesozoic (251-65 mya)
Cenozoic (65-present)
Tril
obita
Che
licer
ata
Myr
iapo
daH
exap
oda
Modern crustaceaArthropoda
Rupert et al. fig 21-23
Collembola
Entognatha Insecta
Hexapoda
Thysanura
“Apterygota” Pterygota
Ephemeroptera Odonata Neoptera
Neoptera
Plecoptera
Orthoptera
PhasmidaGrylloblattaria
Dermaptera
Zoraptera
Isoptera
Mantodea
Blattaria
Hemipteroids
HeteropteraSternorrhyncha
Auchenorrhyncha
PsocopteraThysanoptera H
olo
met
abo
la
AnopluraMallophaga
Zoraptera
• Tropical
• Live in rotting wood
• Eat fungal hyphae, tiny arthropods
• Poorly studied
Isoptera - termites
Worker Soldier Queen
Caste system within termite colonies
Workers tend the colony, gather food
Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious chemicals; defend colony from ant attack.
Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt → very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1 Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and mate repeatedly with queens
Termites
• Several kinds of termites based on diet– Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground)– Soil-feeding– Drywood*– Dampwood– Grass-feeding
* Types that infest and eat human buildings
Termites
• All termites eat cellulose– Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to
digest– Gut bacteria have cellulase– Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their
guts– Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can
produce cellulase, but they still also have a rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion
Mantodea – the mantids
Mantodea – the mantids
• Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!)
• Mobile neck joint
• 3 extra eye on top of head
• Sexual cannibalism: females eats male during copulation to get food and enhance sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of abdominal activity)
Blattaria – the cockroaches
• Aka blattodea
• Have mobile neck joint
• A few feed on wood and have endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans)
• Fast runners!
Neoptera
Plecoptera
Orthoptera
PhasmidaGrylloblattaria
Dermaptera
Zoraptera
Isoptera
Mantodea
Blattaria
Hemipteroids
HeteropteraSternorrhyncha
Auchenorrhyncha
PsocopteraThysanoptera H
olo
met
abo
la
AnopluraMallophaga
Hemipteroids
• Have piercing,
sucking mouthparts
Hemipteroids
• In days of old…– O Hemiptera, O Homoptera
• Current thinking:• O Heteroptera = true bugs• O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects• O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers,
plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs• Many hemipteroids are important crop pests
Heteroptera: true bugs
SternorrynchaBoth aphids and scale insects are important crop pests
Both form mutualistic interactions with ants (produce honeydew in exchange for protection)
Auchenorryncha
Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice
• Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi (under bark, old musty books)
Other lice
• O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals– Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse,
human head louse
Other lice
• O Mallophaga – chewing lice– All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic)– Mostly found on birds
Thysanoptera -thrips
• Suctorial mouthparts
• Common in flowers (serve as pollinators)
• Vectors of disease on some crops
• Fringed wings
Neoptera
Plecoptera
Orthoptera
PhasmidaGrylloblattaria
Dermaptera
Zoraptera
Isoptera
Mantodea
Blattaria
Hemipteroids
HeteropteraSternorrhyncha
Auchenorrhyncha
PsocopteraThysanoptera H
olo
met
abo
la
AnopluraMallophaga
Holometabula
Hemimetabolous developmente.g. Odonata, Orthoptera, BlattodeaMantodea, Hemipteroids-Incomplete metamorphosis-Wing pads present in pre-adult-Larvae often resemble small adults
Holometabolous developmente.g. coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera-Complete metamorphosis-Inactive pupal stage-Larvae do not
-resemble parents-eat the same things as parents-live in the same habitat as parents
Holometabola
ColeopteraNeuroptera
Megaloptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Trichoptera
Diptera
Siphonaptera
• O. Coleoptera – the beetles– 360,000 species (and counting)– Forewings are sheathed (elytra)– Found everywhere, do everything– Some are major agricultural pests
• O. Neuroptera – ant lions, lace wings– Wings are finely veined– Larvae predaceous– Pupae mobile but do not eat
O. Megaloptera– Closely related to neuropterans– Dobsonflies, alderflies– Larvae aquatic
DobsonflyAlderfly
O. Hymenoptera– Ants, bees, wasps, hornets– Constriction at waist (reduced metathorax)– Form polymorphic social communities - due to
haplodiploidy– Combined biomass of all the social insects =
80% of the Earth’s total biomass
O. Lepidoptera = scale-wingO. Trichoptera = bristle-wing
O. Siphonaptera – the fleas– Wingless ectoparasites of mammals and birds– Co-evolved parasite-host relationships,
although many can switch hosts– Vectors of disease (plague)
O. Diptera – the flies– 151,000 species– 2 wings for flight, hind wings = halteres– Vectors of disease
• Mosquitoes prevented Genghis Khan from conquering Russia, killed Alexander the Great, and played a huge influence in both world wars.