Crustaceamorph stem linePrecambrian (>542 mya)

Paleozoic (542-251 mya)

Mesozoic (251-65 mya)

Cenozoic (65-present)

Tril

obita

Che

licer

ata

Myr

iapo

daH

exap

oda

Modern crustaceaArthropoda

Rupert et al. fig 21-23

Collembola

Entognatha Insecta

Hexapoda

Thysanura

“Apterygota” Pterygota

Ephemeroptera Odonata Neoptera

Neoptera

Plecoptera

Orthoptera

PhasmidaGrylloblattaria

Dermaptera

Zoraptera

Isoptera

Mantodea

Blattaria

Hemipteroids

HeteropteraSternorrhyncha

Auchenorrhyncha

PsocopteraThysanoptera H

olo

met

abo

la

AnopluraMallophaga

Zoraptera

• Tropical

• Live in rotting wood

• Eat fungal hyphae, tiny arthropods

• Poorly studied

Isoptera - termites

Worker Soldier Queen

Caste system within termite colonies

Workers tend the colony, gather food

Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious chemicals; defend colony from ant attack.

Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt → very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1 Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and mate repeatedly with queens

Termites

• Several kinds of termites based on diet– Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground)– Soil-feeding– Drywood*– Dampwood– Grass-feeding

* Types that infest and eat human buildings

Termites

• All termites eat cellulose– Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to

digest– Gut bacteria have cellulase– Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their

guts– Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can

produce cellulase, but they still also have a rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion

Mantodea – the mantids

Mantodea – the mantids

• Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!)

• Mobile neck joint

• 3 extra eye on top of head

• Sexual cannibalism: females eats male during copulation to get food and enhance sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of abdominal activity)

Blattaria – the cockroaches

• Aka blattodea

• Have mobile neck joint

• A few feed on wood and have endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans)

• Fast runners!

Neoptera

Plecoptera

Orthoptera

PhasmidaGrylloblattaria

Dermaptera

Zoraptera

Isoptera

Mantodea

Blattaria

Hemipteroids

HeteropteraSternorrhyncha

Auchenorrhyncha

PsocopteraThysanoptera H

olo

met

abo

la

AnopluraMallophaga

Hemipteroids

• Have piercing,

sucking mouthparts

Hemipteroids

• In days of old…– O Hemiptera, O Homoptera

• Current thinking:• O Heteroptera = true bugs• O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects• O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers,

plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs• Many hemipteroids are important crop pests

Heteroptera: true bugs

SternorrynchaBoth aphids and scale insects are important crop pests

Both form mutualistic interactions with ants (produce honeydew in exchange for protection)

Auchenorryncha

Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice

• Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi (under bark, old musty books)

Other lice

• O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals– Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse,

human head louse

Other lice

• O Mallophaga – chewing lice– All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic)– Mostly found on birds

Thysanoptera -thrips

• Suctorial mouthparts

• Common in flowers (serve as pollinators)

• Vectors of disease on some crops

• Fringed wings

Neoptera

Plecoptera

Orthoptera

PhasmidaGrylloblattaria

Dermaptera

Zoraptera

Isoptera

Mantodea

Blattaria

Hemipteroids

HeteropteraSternorrhyncha

Auchenorrhyncha

PsocopteraThysanoptera H

olo

met

abo

la

AnopluraMallophaga

Holometabula

Hemimetabolous developmente.g. Odonata, Orthoptera, BlattodeaMantodea, Hemipteroids-Incomplete metamorphosis-Wing pads present in pre-adult-Larvae often resemble small adults

Holometabolous developmente.g. coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera-Complete metamorphosis-Inactive pupal stage-Larvae do not

-resemble parents-eat the same things as parents-live in the same habitat as parents

Holometabola

ColeopteraNeuroptera

Megaloptera

Hymenoptera

Lepidoptera

Trichoptera

Diptera

Siphonaptera

• O. Coleoptera – the beetles– 360,000 species (and counting)– Forewings are sheathed (elytra)– Found everywhere, do everything– Some are major agricultural pests

• O. Neuroptera – ant lions, lace wings– Wings are finely veined– Larvae predaceous– Pupae mobile but do not eat

O. Megaloptera– Closely related to neuropterans– Dobsonflies, alderflies– Larvae aquatic

DobsonflyAlderfly

O. Hymenoptera– Ants, bees, wasps, hornets– Constriction at waist (reduced metathorax)– Form polymorphic social communities - due to

haplodiploidy– Combined biomass of all the social insects =

80% of the Earth’s total biomass

O. Lepidoptera = scale-wingO. Trichoptera = bristle-wing

O. Siphonaptera – the fleas– Wingless ectoparasites of mammals and birds– Co-evolved parasite-host relationships,

although many can switch hosts– Vectors of disease (plague)

O. Diptera – the flies– 151,000 species– 2 wings for flight, hind wings = halteres– Vectors of disease

• Mosquitoes prevented Genghis Khan from conquering Russia, killed Alexander the Great, and played a huge influence in both world wars.