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CHAPTER-IV
CRIME ANALYSIS OF THE MYSORE CITY SLUMS
“No one commits crime for the fun of it, It is a sign of
Diseased mind. The cause of a particular disease should
be investigated and removed.”
_ M.K. Gandhi
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Research in the spatial distribution of crimes is a recent development in
the discipline of geography. Some geographers in the western countries have
studied the areal patterns and distribution of crimes. Unfortunately, this
aspect of criminology has been ignored by the scholars of social sciences. The
scope and range of criminology extends from the etiology (causes) of crime to
criminal justice and the social change caused by crimes. Investigations in this
area have been made by socialists, who vary from macro to meso and micro
levels. At present, however, several independent schools of thought have been
established to examine and probe the spatial and areal dimensions of crimes.
Criminology is a part of the social sciences, which is a systematic explanation
of the social phenomena. It is not only the behavior of a criminal which is
important, the area and place in which the criminal behaviors germinate and
the area of criminal operations is also vital from the point of view of
criminology.
All the technology and innovation are for the betterment of human
community and for the well being of their society. Crime is considered as a
disturbance to the well being. The traditional and age-old system of
intelligence and criminal record maintenance has failed to live up to the
requirements of the existing crime scenario. Geographic information System
(GIS) uses geography and computer-generated maps as an interface for
integrating and accessing massive amounts of location-based information. GIS
allows police personnel to plan effectively for emergency response, determine
mitigation priorities, analyze historical events, and predict future events. GIS
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can also be used to get critical information to emergency responders upon
dispatch or while en route to an incident to assist in tactical planning and
response. GIS helps identify potential suspects to increase investigators
suspect base when no leads are evident. Manual processes neither provide
accurate, reliable and comprehensive data round the clock nor does it help in
trend predication and decision support. It also results in lower productivity
and ineffective utilization of manpower. The solution to this ever-increasing
problem lies in the effective use of Information Technology.
There is no doubt that too for reactive policing will always play an
important role in law enforcement. However, proactive law enforcement will
require an entirely new set of tools, the development of which has only just
begun. Proactive problem solving by detectives, community oriented police
officers and police officials not only require access to up-to-date information
on criminal activity, but perhaps more importantly the ability to anticipate
emerging crime trends. This in turn requires the ability to mine the vast
amounts of data produced on a daily basis by 100 and police record
management systems, police hot line tips and citizen complaints for sings of
impending flare-ups, geographic displacement or other unusual criminal
activity. In other words, proactive law enforcement needs tools that can
anticipate or provide early warning of criminal patterns so that they may be
prevented. That’s where, “Prevention is better than Cure”.
GIS helps crime analysis in many ways. The foremost use is to visualize
crime occurrences. This allows law enforcement agencies to understand
where crime is occurring as well as determine if there are any patterns. Areas
of high crime density are known as hot spots. Hot spot analysis is a valuable
tool as it allows police to not only identify areas of high crime but also explore
variables that are affecting crime patterns. For example, mapping drug arrests
may show an increased density around locations that have public telephones.
With this information, law enforcement agencies can be more efficient in their
crime fighting tactics from increasing patrols around such locations or by
proactive measures by removing problematic public phones that persistently
attract drug transactions.
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4.2 DEFINITION
A crime is any act or omission prohibited by public law for the
protection of the public, and made punishable by the state in a judicial
proceeding in its own name. It is public wrong, as distinguished from a mere
private wrong or civil injury to an individual. A normative definition views
crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms – cultural standards
prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers
the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to
understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic
conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal,
law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.
Crime is a multifaceted concept that can be defined in legal and non-
legal sense. From a legal point of view, it refers to breaches of the criminal
laws that govern particular geographic areas (jurisdictions) and are aimed at
protecting the lives, property and rights of citizens within those jurisdictions.
Most of the crimes with which the criminal justice system is concerned involve
breaches of State/Territory legislation that cover most offences relating to
persons (for example, murder and sexual assault), property (for example, theft
and property damage) and regulation (for example, traffic violations).
Commonwealth legislation relates primarily to matters such as trade and
commerce, importation/ exportation, taxation, defence and external affairs.
Non-legal point of view would define crime as acts that violate socially
accepted rules of human ethical or moral behavior. As the moral principles
that underpin the notion of crime are subject to gradual change over time, the
types of behavior defined by the legal system as criminal may also change.
Examples of behaviours that have been de-criminalized in some jurisdictions
include prostitution, abortion, attempted suicide and homosexual intercourse.
Other behaviours, such as tax evasion or credit card fraud, have been
criminalized over time.
Crime in International Context “Crime is a complex, multidimensional event
that occurs when the law, offender on target (refers to a person in personal
crime and object in property) converge in time and place (such as a street,
corner, address, building or street segment).
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Crime in Indian Context “crime is an activity that involves breaking the law
and enforcement”.
Oxford Dictionary “an offence against an individual or the state which is
punishable by law.
Gwynn Nettle: clearly remarks “crime is a work not a deed.” To fully
appreciate the import of this remark it is necessary to recognize that the term
crime is also part of the scheme of classification. It constitutes a category of
events that contains with in it numerous subcategories. At the same time the
category of crime is itself a subcategory of a larger set of events.
Sutherland and Cressey defined criminology as under “Criminology is the
body of knowledge concerning delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It
includes within its scope and process of making laws, of breaking laws, and
the reacting toward the breaking of laws.”
Donald Taft and Ralph, the leading jurists of England “The term
‘criminology’ is used in both a general and a special sense. In its broadest
sense, criminology is the study which includes all the subject matter necessary
to the understanding and prevention of crime and to the development of law,
together with the punishment or treatment of delinquents and criminals.
The study is that due to development programmes in the state the
economy of the people on the one hand is on a rising trend and on the other
hand industrialization and urbanization have generated a migration problem
from rural areas to urban areas. This has created a problem of change in
social and cultural environment i.e. moral value patterns and a leaning of
youngsters towards criminal activities in the city. Present study will open new
field of research in geographical parameters in social change, trends and
progress in an area. So it will contribute to the discipline of geography and
knowledge of criminal areas. The study will be great significance to the
planners, administrators, social scientist and citizens in controlling containing
and reducing the criminal activities in an area. It will also be of great use in
administering of criminal justice system.
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Flow Chart-4.1: PLAN OF WORK
Flow Chart 4.1 describes the data of various crimes has been collected
from all the police stations of Mysore city for a period from 2001 to 2010.
The other relevant data on population, economy, culture and related aspects
was collected from the various Census Reports and Statistical Hand Books
published by the Government of Karnataka. The crime data was also obtained
from the published reports on crimes prepared by City Crime Branch, Mysore.
In order to as certain the real scenario of crimes in the state a micro level
study based on the F.I.R. data also has been collected for crimes in slum areas.
The basic information and data collected from the various police stations and
their analysis reveal the ground level position of crimes and their merging
patterns and trends. Spatial data has been collected with G.P.S technology for
locating Hot spot of crimes in slum areas and crime mapping of the city.
FIR INFORMATION RECORD
CRIME PLACE
SUBDIVISIONS GPS
• MURDER
• MURDER FOR
GAIN
• DOCOITY
• ROBBERY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONDTION AS A
BACKGROUND
DATE AND TIME
CRIME MAP
ANALYSE THE
SPTIO-TEMPORAL
PATTERNS IN
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The published data and statistics obtained from the various records of
the government as well as data generated in the field in the form of structured
questionnaires and field observations were computed and tabulated by
applying simple and sophisticated statistical techniques. In the processing of
data the percentile, mean, median, mode, central tendency and correlation
methods were used. The results thus obtained were plotted in maps and
diagrams and finally their analysis was made to ascertain the spatial and
temporal variations in crimes in the Mysore city.
Flow Chart-4.2: Classes of Crimes
CRIMES
CLASS OF CRIME
I II VII VIII IX V IV III VI
Murder HBT Day Cycle House Theft RSP C T Cheating FC CBT
HBT Night
A T Cycle Theft Dowry
MVT CS
Robbery
BR
Mobile Theft
AM
Murder Gain for
CJT
PP
MVPT
TLT
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Flow Chart 4.2 showing different types of crimes categorized according
to Indian Penal Code. For the sake of detailed study of crimes are classified
under ten types. Crime data collected from different police station from 2001
to 2010. (Refer Table 4.1)
Table-4.1: Crimes Heads
Sl. No
Crimes Heads Abbreviation Code
Murder 302 M X1 I
Murder Gain for 302b AM X2
Dacoity 395 D X3
Robbery 391-394 ROB X4
II
Vehicle robbery VROB X5
House braking Theft- Day 454 HBT X6 III
House braking Theft- Night 457 HBT X7
House Theft 381 HT X8 IV
Attempt for theft AT X9
Ordinary theft 379 OT X10
Cattle Theft CT X11
Motor Vehicle Theft MVT X12
Mobile theft MT X13
Cycle theft CT X14
Children jewelry theft OT X15
V
Pick pocketing PP X16
Receiving of Stolen Property OT X17 VI
Cheating CH X18
Criminal Breach Trust 408,409 CBT X19 VII
Fake currency FC X20
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Sl. No
Crimes Heads Abbreviation Code
Dowry cases 498A DCA X21
Dowry death 304B DDA X22
VIII
Missing 174. 09-C X23
Hurts H X24
Kidnapping 364 KA X25
Rape 375,376 RP X26
Attempt to murder 307 AM X27
Death by negligence 304a, 304 b, FA X28
IX
Hurt to some one 337 H X29
Other IPC Cases OIPC X30
Rioting R X31
Arms Act AA X32
Immoral Traffic (prevention)Act ITA X33
109Cr.PC,110Cr.PC,112Cr.PC OIPC X34
Excise Act EA X35
X
Narcotic Drugs &Psychotropic Substance Act
NDPSA X36
Gambling 283,10 GA X37
Source : CCRB, Mysore.
4.3 INDIAN PENAL CODE (IPC) DEFINITION FOR TYPES OF CRIME
For the purpose of this study crime has been taken as offenses under
Indian Penal Code/ and local and Special laws as are prevalent in the State of
Karnataka out of over 300 cognizable offenses in Indian Penal Code only 40
cognizable crimes divided 10 classes under IPC have been taken up for
analyses. These cognizable offences mainly related to persons and property
(Refer Table No.4.1)
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The present study is aimed at collecting, analyzing interpreting and
correlating the crime data in the city from 2001 to 2010. The three base years
compared in terms of cognizable offences under Indian Penal Code (mainly
40 offences under 10 classes) .
The concept of crime, however, differs from society to society and from
age to age. Criminal laws reflect the prevalent norms and values of that
society. A few examples may be cited. Murder is a recognized crime in all
civilized societies: but primitive people may treat the killing of a human being
as a relatively private affair to be dealt with by the relationship groups
involved. The deliberate killing, customary in some primitive societies, such as
infanticide, headhunting, killing of older persons, etc. Would be definitely
classified as a crime in modern societies. In modern societies also there is an
increase of white- collar crimes like swindling, (cheating) fraudulent financial
dealing etc. which were unknown in primitive societies. These crimes are often
committed by persons of respectable occupational, economic or social status,
and they cause perhaps greater harm to the society then the underworld
criminals’ committing offence of robberies etc.
Crime is not spread evenly across maps. It clumps in some areas and is
absent in others. People use this knowledge in their daily activities. They avoid
some places and seek out others. Their choices of neighborhoods, schools,
stores, streets, and recreation are governed partially by the understanding that
their chances of being a victim are greater in some of these places than in
others.
Using maps that help people visualize the geographic aspects of crime,
however, is not limited to law enforcement. Mapping can provide specific
information on crime and criminal behavior to politicians, the press, and the
general public.
Mysore is an educational, commercial and administrative centre and
also an important tourist and heritage destination. Mysore City one of the
fastest growing city in Karnataka, Enhancing the glory of Mysore and enabling
it to forge ahead as the cultural, tourism, educational, information technology,
information technology enabled services and wellness hub. Further, the
objective is to provide better place for citizens and improving their quality of
life by providing improved urban services; catering to the needs of the urban
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poor; sustaining the environment and greenery; preserving the charm and
culture of the city and improvement of human resource quality.
The total crime cases 2915 in 2001 to 3801 in 2010. To analyze the
crime incidence, spatial distribution of cognizable crimes was analyzed at the
police station levels. Present there are 17 police stations in Mysore
city.Vidyaranya puram police station is the biggest police station in Mysore
city and Laskar and K.R outpost police stations are smallest in their limits.
Growth of slums is also major causes for increasing in crime in the city.
Increase in the crime rate in Bamboo bazaar, Laskhar, Vidyaranyapuram is due
to the industrialization, urbanization and socio- economic factors.
The study analyses the impact of Socio-economic indicators, growth of
population, density, occupational structure , urbanization, industrialization,
status of income are responsible for the high incidence of crime in the city.
To analyse the problem in depth and to find out the basic factors a micro
analysis of the city and slums were undertaken.
4.4 CRIME VARIABLES
4.4.1 Murder
Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing
death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause
death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death,
commits the offence of culpable homicide. Except in the cases hereinafter,
culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done
with the intention of causing death (IPC sections 299 and 300).
The reason of murder varies from case to case and situation to
situation. Moreover, the main causes may be the dispute over wealth, property
and women. In some cases sudden provocation becomes the cause of murder.
The purpose of murder is basically for the gain either the property, the
money, the women or to take revenge. Dowry death is an aspect of murder.
4.4.2 Attempt to Murder
Whoever does any act with such intention or knowledge and under such
circumstances that, if he by that act caused death but does die, he would be
guilty of attempt to murder (IPC section 307)
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The causes of attempt to murder are more or less the same as that of
the murder, when the attempt to cause death fails. It becomes attempt to
murder or if the aggressor hurts the victim, give into threat him or to terrorise
him and the hurt occurs on the vital part of the body which becomes the
grievous hurt but the victim could not loss the life then it is called attempt to
murder. Some times, small altercation becomes the cause of attempt to
murder.
4.4.3 Riot
Whenever, force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly, or by any
member thereof, in prosecution of the common object of such assembly, every
member of such assembly is guilty of the offence of rioting. It is only the
force of force that distinguishes rioting from unlawful assembly. If any person
hires or imparts connivance to hire of person to join unlawful assembly then
both the type of persons are guilty for rioting. Thus, if any person
malignantly gives provocation to any person knowing it to be likely a riot
then he will also be held liable for rioting. Though if it is committed or not. If
any person promotes enmity between different groups on ground of religion,
race, place of birth, residence, language etc. and doing acts producial to
maintenance or harmony, then it commits the offence.
Broadly the causes of rioting may be as under:
i) Preplanned or immediate due to provocation.
ii) Political or social reasons.
iii) Communal or racial reasons.
iv) Caste reasons
v) Religious procession.
vi) Provocating speeches.
vii) Thus, the main reasons behind the riot may be communal or religious
provocation caste or racial provocation, communal dispute, group
clashes, property dispute, old enmity, prestige issues or ego
problems of the groups etc.
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4.4.4 Hurt
Whoever, voluntarily causes bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any
person is said to cause hurt (IPC sections 323 to 338). It may be simple or
grievous.
If the injury causes to the victim is not so grievous as the victim will die
or if it is not at the vital part or it is not a grievous injury then it is counted
the case of hurt. The causes and purposes more or less the same as in case of
murder. But to cause hurt the other local instrument or the tools like lathies,
chain, rope etc. may also be used.
4.4.5 Rape
A man is said to commit “Rape” who, except in the case hereinafter
excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling
under any of the six following descriptions: i) against her will, ii) without her
consent, iii) with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting
her or any person in whom she is interested in feat of death or of hurt, iv)
with her consent, when, the man knows that he is not her husband, and that
her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she
is or believes herself to he lawfully married, (v) with her consent, when, at the
time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication
or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying
or unwholesome substance. She is unable to understand the nature and
consequences of that to which she gives consent, and vi) with or without her
consent, when she is under 16 years of age (IPC sections 375 to 377).
4.4.6 Molestation
Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to
outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty is
treated as molestation (IPC section 354).
To note down the proper causes and purposes of molestation. However,
it may be stated that molestation is generally committed by gents with female
and in the rarest of the rare cases by female. It has been observed that
molestation is committed by the youngsters but middle aged persons also
commit this crime. It is generally, committed in the peers group in school and
colleges, buses, railway stations, bus stands and at crowded places. Likewise
rape cases molestation is rarely reported in Mysore city.
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4.4.7 Kidnapping and Abduction
Kidnapping is of two kinds: kidnapping from India, and Kidnapping
from lawful guardianship. Whoever carries any person beyond the limits of
India without the consent of that person, or of some person legally authorized
to consent on behalf of that person, is said to kidnap that person from India.
Whoever takes or entices any minor under sixteen years of age if a male, or
under eighteen years of age if a female, or any person of unsound mind, out of
the keeping of the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind.
Without the consent of such guardian. Is said to kidnap such minor or person
from lawful guardianship. On the other hand whoever by force compels, or by
any deceitful means induces, any person to go from any place, is said to
abduct that person (IPC section 359 to 374)
4.4.8. Robbery
All the robberies are either theft or the extortion. If, in order to the
committing of the theft or in committing the theft or in carrying away or
attempting to carry away property obtained by theft, the offender for that end,
voluntarily causes or attempt to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful
restraint or fear of instance death or of instant hurt or of instant wrongful
restrains them such theft is robbery. On the other hand if the offender at the
time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in feat,
and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, or
instant hurt or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to some other
persons and by so putting a fear induces the person so put in fear then and
their to deliver up the thing extorted. Thus, if the offender commits thefts
with violence or extortion with violence then, it is the robbery (IPC section
390).
The causes and purposes of robbery if the offender creates such
atmosphere as mentioned above. The causes and purposes of robbery are to
take the moveable or the immoveable property but the immediate gains
remain from the moveable property. The robbers mainly use the fire arms,
knives, daggers, rods, swords etc. Thus the main aspect in the robbery is to
put a person under very high fear of death or instance hurt and to dispossess
him from the property in such atmosphere.
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4.4.9 Snatching
Whosoever, assaults or uses criminal force to any person in attempting
to commit theft on any property which that person is then wearing or carrying
commits’ the offence of snatching (IPC section 356).
If the culprit assaults or uses criminal force to commit theft of any
property which that person is then wearing or carrying, is treated as
snatching. Normally, it is not preplanned but in some cases may be
preplanned. It is generally committed in the running buses, lonely streets, and
busy markets, busy bus stands and railway stations.
4.4.10 Servant Theft
Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the
possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property
in order to such taking, is said to commit theft. If such act is committed by a
clerk or servant or employee during the course fo their duty will be treated as
servant theft (IPC section 381).
4.4.11 Burglary
IF the theft is committed in any building, tent or vessel which is being
used as a human dwelling or for the custody of property is called the burglary.
Burglary is generally committed either in the unprotected or unattended house
(IPC sections 380,454 and 457).
4.4.12 Pick-Pocketing
Whoever intending to take dishonestly any movable property out the
possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property
in order to such taking, is said to commit theft (IPC sections 378 and 379). If
such theft is committed from the persons exclusive possession without his
consent, then it will be treated as pick-pocketing.
4.4.13 Miscellaneous Thefts or Other Thefts
The property cases relating to theft which are not covered in the above
mentioned heads are included in this head (IPC sections 378 and 379). In
addition to the above, all the miscellaneous, thefts are counted in the category
of other theft.
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4.4.14 Dacoity
When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a
robbery or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or
attempting to commit a robbery and persons present an aiding such
commission or attempt, amount to five or more, every person so committing,
attempting or aiding, is said to commit dacoity (IPC section391).
Basically, there is no difference between robbery and dacoity but when
five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery or
where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to
commit a robbery and persons present aiding such attempts amount to five or
more, every person so committing, attempting or aiding, is said to commit
dacoity.
4.4.15 Cheating
Whoever by deceiving any person fraudulently or dishonestly induces
the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent
that any person shall retain any property, or intensely induces the person so
deceived to do or omit or to do anything which he would not do or omit if he
was not so deceived and which act of omission cause or it likely to cause
damage or harm to the person in body, mind, reputation or property is said to
cheat. A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of
cheating. In the offence of cheating, the delivery of property should be by the
person who himself was deceived by the accused (IPC section 415).
4.4.16 Motor Vehicle Theft
The motor vehicle theft is basically covered in the definition of theft
which is already given in the previous paragraphs. In 1991 there were only
1764 motor vehicle theft cases but in 2001 the cases of this crime increased
substantially accounting for 2438 cases which is 93.4% more in comparison to
that of 1991.
4.4.17 Cycle Theft
Cycle theft is also covered under the definition of theft. In 1991, the
total number of cycle theft was 2478 which got reduced to 1879 in 2001 and
further declined to only 578 in 2010.
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4.4.18 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act
This act prohibits trafficking in women and girls for purposes of
prostitutions an organized means of living. Thus, if any women or girl
produce herself for prostitution in consideration of any type of gains than it
will be treated as a crime. The place where such type of act is committed is
called the brothel and the person in whose possession is such place, is also
equally offender under this act. If any other person is living on the
commission of the gain in lieu of the prostitution is also an offender (ITP Act).
Prostitution is covered under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act. If
any person induces. Seduces the another person for sexual intercourse in lieu
of the gains or if any person produces another person and takes commission
from the gain or any person uses any premises for such acts are covered
under this act and is liable to be punished. The analysis reveals that almost
all the cases registered in Delhi in 1991 were for monitory gains. Very few
cases were noticed where the girls were produced to please the big bosses.
Such incidents are not reported. Moreover, directly or indirectly it was also
for the gains.
4.4.19 The Gambling Act
Gambling and betting have drained out the mental solace and the
happiness of the poor homes. People who have fallen prey by the alluring
tactics of the fortune making which is very attractive at the first instance have
never been able to come out from the in attractive at the first instance have
never been able to come out form the inextricable web for whole of their lives
and ruined their families. Such activity may be called the social deviance and
may be considered as marginal crime. Gambling includes wagering or betting
except wagering or betting upon a horse race on the prescribed date and such
race is run is an enclosure and has the sanctioned of the state government.
But this does not include a lottery. This crime may be treated as the organized
crime when the organized gangs solicit the people for gambling at their
‘Addas’. The ‘game of chance’ is gambling according to the stature. Thus, if
any act is played as a game of chance will be treated as gambling.
Playing cards or disks used to be the important source of entertainment
in the olden days. Bets used to be held on cock fighting, lamb fighting, and
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bull fighting and wrestling in the medieval period in India. During the British
period horse races started. In Mysore Mysore Horse race is one of the oldest
means of gambling, Now a day, lotteries have also become the medium of
gambling, Moreover, in Mysore gambling is being played with playing cards,
disk, matkas, horse races and sattas. It has been observed that whosoever,
indulges himself in the gambling is very difficult to come out of it. In lack of
money the looser in the game starts to steel the ornaments. Utensils etc.
4.4.20 Excise Act
The cases registered in excise are covered under the Punjab Excise Act,
1914, Act 1of 1914. Whoever, in contravention of any section of this act,
imports, exports, transports, manufactures, collects or possess any intoxicant
or constructs or works any distillery or brewery, uses, keeps or possess any
material for manufacturing and still possessing utensils or implements or
apparatus without any proper 83 license, permission or pass granted by the
governments commits a crime under this act.
4.4.21 Arms Act
The offence under the arms act is presumed if even the person is
having any knife, dagger, fire arms etc in his possession without any proper
license (The Arms Act sections 25 and 27)
The causes and purposes to posses unlicensed arms like knife, dagger,
small or big fire arms which is illegal is basically or one’s personal safety, to
threat others, for Dadagiri or to commit the crime like murder, attempt to
murder, hurt, dacoity, robbery, kidnapping and abduction, theft, burglary,
rape etc. The arms are not possessed openly and offenders keep the arms
either in pockets of socks etc. On need they use them. Under Arms Act. Mere
possession of unlicensed arm is covered under Arms Act and is liable to be
punished.
4.4.22 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
This act came into existence on 16th September. 1985 and is act No.61of
1985. Prior to this act the cases used to be registered under Opium Act, Drug
Act, Dangerous Drug Act and Excise Act. Therefore, reliable segregated data
prior to 1985 on Narcotic Drug etc. is not available. After 1985 the cases are
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registered basically against the persons having possession, selling, trafficking,
manufacturing of opium, charas, ganja, cocaine, psychotropic substances etc.
Thus, whosoever cultivates any coca plant, opium, poppy or any cannabis
plant or produces manufactures, possesses, sells, purchases, transports, ware-
houses. Uses, consumes, imports, exports or transship any narcotic drug or
psychotropic substance except for medical or scientific purposes commits a
crime under this act. Narcotic drug means coca leaf, cannabis (hemp). Opium,
poppy straw and it includes all manufactured drugs like heroin, smack,
cocaine etc. Psychotropic substance means any substance, natural or synthetic
or any 83 natural materials, or any salt or preparation of such substance or
material included in the list of psychotropic substance specified in the
schedule one of this act.
4.4.23 Other Cases under Indian Penal Code
Such cases are basically registered in the sections other than mentioned
above in the major heads. Moreover, it consists of the cases registered for
receiving stolen property, threatening, misappropriation, breach of trust,
breach of agreement, dowry, misuse of powers, corruption etc.
4.4.24 Other Local and Special Laws
The other local and special laws crimes include the cases under L and
S.L. other than the acts mentioned above. Basically, this includes the Indian
Railway Act, Registration of Foreigner Act. Dowry Prohibition Act.
Untouchability Act, Essential commodities Act, Punjab Cinema Regulation
Act, Prohibition Act, Explosive and Substances Act. Protection of civil Rights
Act. Indian Passport Act. Antiquity and Art Treasure Act etc. This head was
having 346 crimes cases in 1991 but they increased 1076 in 2001 and 2489 in
1991 which show a steep upward trend of crime under this head.
4.4.25 Simple and Fatal Accidents
Whoever drives any vehicle or rides, on any public way in a manner so
rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or
injury to any other person commits a crime of accident. If the defaulter acts
to endanger life or personal safety of others or causes hurt by act endangering
life of personal safety of others or causing grievous hurt by act endangering
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
212
life or personal safety of others are counted as simple accidents. But if the
defaulter causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act
not amounting to culpable homicide commits a crime and this crime is treated
as the fatal accident (IPC sections 279,337 and 338).
Accidents whether fatal and simple are basically caused due to rash and
negligent driving but sometimes due the negligence of the victim. In Delhi the
high percentage of accidents are of buses and two wheelers followed by cars.
Due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization the economic status of the
public increases and they need the better facilities, which later on become the
essential needs. Few decades ago very few motor vehicles used to be seen on
the roads and roads used to be clear but now a days the number of the
number of vehicles have been multiplied at an imparallel rate. However, the
carrying capacity of the roads got reduced which diminishes after reaching the
optimum point. It seems that in the walled city the saturation point has
already reached over and there is hardly any scope to increase capacity of
vehicular traffic in that area.
Accidents in any city are a cause of major concern to the ULBs of the
city. A study of accidents enables to clearly assess the extent of discordance of
different traffic units. This also helps in clearly analyzing the predominant
conflicting movements and to plan remedial measures as required (both
engineering and management) so that the occurrence of accidents is
minimized.
4.5 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMES IN MYSORE CITY
In the present chapter an attempt has been made to analyse the spatio-
temporal patterns of crimes in Mysore City slums. For this purpose the crime
data for the years 2001, 2005 and 2010 have been taken into consideration.
In order to ascertain the ground reality of crimes in Mysore city, some
sophisticated statistical techniques like factor analysis have been applied in
this chapter. The regional and temporal analysis of each of the variable has
also been taken into consideration for crimes. Moreover, the factor analysis
will provide an adequate conceptual base. Factor analysis, therefore, has been
used to investigate the regional dimensions of crime patterns. The factor
analysis is considered to be useful to tackle the complicated patterns directly
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
213
without an excessive simplification that may overlook small, but significant
causal relationship. The variable of crimes mentioned in Table 4.1 have been
selected for the analysis, mainly because they are the main cognizable crimes
committed in the region and data for these crimes is available for each of the
police stations of Mysore city.
Cognizable offences or crimes are the crimes in which a police officer
may arrest a person without warrant. While in non-cognizable offences the
police cannot take any action against the defaulter without the proper
directions of the judicial magistrate. The cognizable crimes are covered either
under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or under the Local and Special Laws which
are also called Minor Acts. A list of important local and Special Laws or Minor
Acts has been given in table 4.1.
In this present study, past ten years data had been collected to analyze
the pattern followed by crime and clusters of concentration in which more
number of offence had took place and where the concentration of different
crime spots have been captured using hand held G.P.S and are brought into
G.I.S platform. As stated in the objectives the crime occurrences within the
limits of different police station was located. According to the department
norms, crime has been classed into ten categories (According to City Crime
Branch, Mysore) The crime data were classified under the group of property
offences as Robbery, house breaking , Chain snatching, murder, mobile theft,
motor vehicle theft, cattle theft, Receiving stolen property (RSP), cheating and
criminal breach of trust. To know the spatial pattern followed by crime and
its concentration and to analyze the “Hot spots” in the selected area each
crime spots have been located using G.P.S while locating the points where the
crime has occurred: the time, date and address have also been included to the
corresponding points. Maps that display the locations where crimes or
concentrations of crimes have occurred can be used to help direct patrols to
places they are most needed and maps may prove invaluable in solving
criminal cases. This kind of visualized representation will help in
understanding of where and why crimes occur and can improves the attempts
to fight crime and can help police protect citizens more effectively.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
214
Map-4.1: Showing Police Jurisdiction of Mysore city
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
215
Map-4.2: Demarcation of Slums with Police Station Limits
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
216
Table-4.2: Numbers of Crimes In 2001
Sl. No
Class of crime No of occurrences
1 I 29
2 II 93
3 III 115
4 IV 31
5 V 557
6 VI 63
7 VII 25
8 VIII 592
9 IX 592
10 X 568
TOTAL 2665
Source: City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB)
Chart-4.1: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2001
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
217
Table-4.3: Numbers Of Crimes In 2005
S l. No.
Class of crime No of occurrences
1 I 23
2 II 101
3 III 242
4 IV 128
5 V 560
6 VI 63
7 VII 43
8 VIII 589
9 IX 600
10 X 566
TOTAL 2918
Source: City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB)
Chart-4.2: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2005
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
218
Table-4.4: Number of Crimes In 2010
SL. No. Class of crime No of occurrences
1 I 31
2 II 177
3 III 284
4 IV 37
5 V 697
6 VI 144
7 VII 76
8 VIII 738
9 IX 839
10 X 779
TOTAL 3801
Source: City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB)
Chart-4.3: Pie Chart Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2010
Crimes in Mysore City are classified by the City Crime Records Bureau
under several heads. They are listed below with number of incidence for a
period of five years from 2001 to 2010.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
219
Table-4.5: Number of Crime Incidence in Mysore City.
Classes of Crime
2001 2005 2010
I 29 23 31
II 93 101 177
III 115 242 284
IV 31 128 37
V 557 560 697
VI 63 63 144
VII 25 43 76
VIII 592 589 738
IX 592 600 839
X 568 566 779
Total 2665 2918 3801
Source: City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB)
Chart-4.4: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2001, 2005 and 2010
The Table and the corresponding chart show the crime incidence of
Mysore city. The crime of class IX is highest incidence for all the years from
2001 to 2010.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
220
Table-4.6: Number of Crime Incidence in Slum Areas of Mysore City.
Classes of Crime 2001 2005 2010
I 03 08 14
II 36 68 87
III 48 96 125
IV 18 41 73
V 194 286 337
VI 28 34 53
VII 19 27 38
VIII 312 373 409
IX 284 416 56
X 179 237 376
Total 1121 1586 1568
Source: F.I.R records, CCRB, Mysore
Chart-4.5: Crimes in Slum Areas
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
221
This study is an attempt to analyse the factorial ecology of Mysore by
taking into consideration the important socio-economic factors. E.g. the
density of population, literacy rate, population of scheduled caste, number of
persons per households, unemployment, slum and occupation structure of
population to identify the developed and undeveloped areas of Mysore city.
The trend of growth and development over the decades since 2001 has also
been attempted.
The past and present populations are closely associated with the
morphology of any city and these have adhered to certain social and economic
custom and followed distinctive occupations. The population, density,
literacy, number of scheduled caste, number of persons per household, slum
conditions, unemployment and various types of occupations, though may be
crude measures yet have their implications in the study of a city since they are
the indicators of the nature of its specialized services, its stage of growth and
level of development.
There were Seventeen Police Station in the city. Drastic difference in the
size of police station is seen in Mysore, which is due to urban and rural
component. The smallest police station K.R .Puram out post police station
while the largest police station Vidyaranya puram police station.
The growing number of slums has its direct bearing on the per capital
crime occurrences and has created problems regarding law and order and
security of people and property in Mysore city.
A substantial population of Mysore lives in sub-standard area, namely,
slums. Clusters are mainly uncontrolled low income residential area with an
ambiguous legal status of land is occupied by them. They are, to a large
extant built by the inhabitants themselves using their own eager resources and
are very poorly equipped with public amenities and services.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
222
Flow Chart-4.3: Model- The Crime Environment
Environment of Administration
1. Police absence and non
surveillance
2. Levels of Police activity and
inefficiency
3. Behavioral attitude of police
4. False implications in the
name of drive
5. Jail environment
6. Lack of reformation and
rehabilitation facilities.
Physical Environment
1. Climate, seasons and weather
2. Dark fortnight and moon light
3. Heat stress
4. Access to the targets
5. Easy route for escape
6. Spatial behavior of the
offender
CRIME
Economic Environment
1. Poverty
2. Unemployment
3. Low or irregular wages
4. Sub-standard of living
conditions
5. Increasing needs
6. Poor housing conditions
7. Lack f occupations
opportunities and skill
8. Potential Targets
Individual Environment
1. Attitudes
2. Lack of Good Moral Standard
3. Temptations
4. Code of Behavior
5. Opportunities
6. Peers Group
7. Lack of proper Education
8. Perceptual Environment
Social Environment Lack of Social
Mobility
1. Lack of Social mobility
2. Adjacent locality
3. Large families
4. Immigration
5. Family dispute
6. Lack of social norms and Values
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
223
4.6 POLICE STATION IN MYSORE CITY
Having discussed broadly the profile of the Mysore city and magnitude
in the region can be gauged by taking the Police Station as the unit of study.
The Mysore city has Seventeen Police stations. Reporting of the crime take
place in the Police Stations.
Table-4.7: Police Station Limits in Mysore city
P. No Police Station Name No of Slums
DIV 1 DEVARAJA (D.R) DIVISION
1 Devaraja Police Station 1
2 Laskhar P.S 1
3 Udayagiri P.S 7
4 Nazarbad P.S 3
DIV 2 KRISHNARAJA (K.R) DIVISION
5 Krishnaraja P.S 3
6 Laxmipura P.S 1
7 Saraswathi Pura P.S 2
8 Kuvempunagara P.S
9 Ashokpura P.S 1
10 VidyaranyaPura P.S 12
11 K.R Outpost P.S -
DIV 3 NARASIMHARAJA (N.R) DIVISION
12 Narasimharaja P.S 24
13 Mandi P.S 3
14 Vanivilaspura P.S 17
15 Jayalaksmipura P.S 2
16 Metagalli P.S 0
17 Vijayanagara P.S 2
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
224
Map-4.3: Showing Crime Incidence in Devaraj Urs Police Station.
Table-4.8: Annual Crime Data of Devaraja Police Station Limits (2001-2010)
CRIME
Year Number Of Crime Number Of Crime In Slums
2001 290 43
2002 450 57
2003 301 61
2004 607 48
2005 435 84
2006 305 134
2007 306 168
2008 346 189
2009 389 145
2010 415 187
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
225
Chart-4.6: Crime Occurrences in Devaraj Urs Police Station limits
Chart-4.7: Crime Occurrences in Laskar Police Station Limits
Chart-4.8: Crime Occurrences in Nazarbad Police Station Limits
Chart-4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 explain growth of crime incidences in Devaraja, Laskhar,
Nazarbadh and Udayagiri police stations.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
226
Map-4.4: Map Showing Case study of Slums
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
227
Map-4.5: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Station Limits
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
228
Map-4.6: Map Showing Class Wise Crime Incidence-2001
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
229
Map- 4.7: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Stations-2010
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
230
Map-4.8: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Stations -2005
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
231
Map-4.9: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Ashokpuram-2005
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
232
Map-4.10: Map Showing Crime Incidences in Lashkar Station-2001
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
233
The above map shows the incidence of Crime under 8(b) of PIT Act for
Lashkar Police Station area of Mysore City. Majority of the crime is taking
place in the southern and northern part of the police station limit and is
concentrated on the C.G. Road, Clock Tower, Gandhi Square, Irwin Road, and
Sub-urban Bus stand.
The hot spots were mapped on the basis of both the location of the
incidence i.e., as a point feature, and on the street basis i.e., a line feature.
Accordingly, the analyses were made for each type. It is clear that Majority of
the crime is taking place in the southern part of the police station limit and is
concentrated near the Sub-urban Bus stand and scattered across K.T. Street,
C.G. Road and the nearby areas. The following map shows the Standard
Distance analysis and the Directional distribution analysis to depict the zone
of crime under Cr. Pc. Act and the direction in which it is spread.
The Urban growth of Mysore city dung the last two decades has been
unprecedented. Rapid urbanization and industrialization led to immigration in
Mysore from different places of the country. Under the fast growth of
population the social milieu of Mysore has changed and the crime rate has
increased which put great pressure on the law enforcing apparatus. The
present study is a modest attempt to probe the socio-economic based of
changing crime patterns in the Mysore city.
The crime rate in the city is increasing constantly owing to numerous
socio-economic, demographic, cultural and political factors. The large
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
234
migration from other places created problems of housing and unemployment
which resulted into tremendous crime increase and multifold problems.
The study is significant not only to the social factors but also to the law
enforcing agene ices of the city because it is not only an analysis of other
spritao-temportal patterns of crime or the analysis of the socio-economic
bases but it has suggested some pragmatic steps and strategies to reduce the
rate of crime the city .
The purpose of study in crime patterns over space and time is to
discover irregularities that helps in understanding the phenomenon of crimes,
socio-economic and demogrphies structure of societies changes over time. So
does income distribution and occupational patterns
The analysis of the institutional crimes and the socio-economic
correlates revealed that the slums were having a direct impact over the
institutional crimes, while the Literacy was negatively correlated. There was a
moderate influence of scheduled caste over the institutional crimes, while the
number of persons per household was having a direct bearing over the
institutional crimes. In the same way, unemployment and slums were found
positively corr3elated with the institutional crimes. Thus it may concluded
that where the socio-economic status is very low, people are engaged in the
secondary occupation and living in the slum conditions they generally use
alcohol and indulge themselves in gambling.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
235
Map-4.11: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Nazarbad Police Station Limits
Map-4.12: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Sarswathipuram Limits
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
236
Prevention is better than cure is a universal truth. It is better if the
preventive steps are taken before the commencement of crime. The
prevention of crime is currently a subject of considerable interest and
aciti9vity in each city. Though individuals and government have always been
conscious in this regard yet the crimes have been committed regularly due to
the lack of proper security arrangements and planning.
The criminal justice system has always espoused as a principal goal for
the crime prevention. It has been identified as one of the principal goal of
virtually every correctional programme. It has also been consistently
advanced as one of the stated goals of such diverse social programmed as
slum clearance, compulsory education, vocational training and mental health
screening. The community crime prevention programs can be implemented at
the comprehensive as swell as block or city level. The N.G.O‘s can be
implemented at the comprehensive as well as block or city level. The N.G.O
(Non Governmental Organizations) can play vital role in this regard.
The government should aim at not only on promoting preventive
measures but also the correctional social defense. For this purpose there
must be certain organizations where an individual can get the counseling.
The government through educational institutions and non
governmental organizations can make arrangements to impart moral
education, Therefore , the teacher can play an important role in this regard.
The government should improve the employment facilities and more technical
education should be popularized. The government should plan to eradicate
the poverty so that the socio-economic conditions of the society could be
improved.
The Health Department should improve the living conditions with the
help of Public works Department in designing the urban environment in such
a way so that the houses are theft proof and the surrounding are well for
living conditions and with hygienic environment.
Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums
237
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