Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 15 Ophthalmology,...

Unit 15

Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties

Ophthalmology

• ophthalm/o = combining form for eye

• Examples:– ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye

• ocular = pertaining to eye

– ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery

– ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty

Ophthalmology

• Examples:– ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease

– ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye

– ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye

– ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye

– ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball

– ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles

Ophthalmology

• Examples:– ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball

– ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye

– ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope

– ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye

Ophthalmology

• opt/o = combining form for vision

• Examples:– opt/o/metry = measurement of vision

– opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity

– opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision

Eye Specialists

• Ophthalmologist– Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.)

– Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery

• Ophthalmic technician– Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists

Eye Specialists

• Optometrist– Doctor of optometry (O.D.)

– Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses

Vision Conditions

• How vision works:– Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused

on retina

• -opia = suffix meaning vision condition

Vision Conditions

• my/opia = nearsightedness– See close objects, but not distant ones

• hyper/opia = farsightedness– See distant objects, but not close ones

• presby/opia = loss of accommodation– Lens fails to adjust

• Especially for seeing close objects

Myopia and Hyperopia

Vision Conditions

• dipl/opia = double vision– Crossed eyes

– Both eyes fail to record same image on brain

• di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye– Used to prescribe corrective lenses

Vision Conditions

• phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses

Vision Conditions

• Defects that cause objects to appear different colors:– cyan/opsia = blue vision

– xanth/opsia = yellow vision

– chlor/opsia = green vision

– erythr/opsia = red vision

Directional Terms in Ophthalmology

• Strabismus or squint– When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position

• tropia = turning

• exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward

• eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward

• hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward

• hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward

Esotropia and Exotropia

Structures of the Eye

Eyeball

Eyelid

• blephar/o = combining term

• Examples:– blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid

– blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid• edema = swelling due to fluid retention

– blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid

– blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid

Eyelid Procedures

• blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid

• blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid

• blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid

• blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid

Eyelid

• Conjunctiva– Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera

• conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva– More than 30 types of inflammation

Cornea

• corne and kerat = word roots

• corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms

• Examples:– corne/al = pertaining to cornea

– corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris

– corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera

Cornea

• Examples:– kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture

– kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera

– kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea

– kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea

– kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea

– kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant

• phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye

• Origin– Greek

– phacos = lentil• Shape of eye lens

• Examples:– phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens

– phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal

Sclera

• White, hard outer coat of eye

• Origin– Greek

– scleras = hard

Sclera

• Examples:– scler/al = pertaining to sclera

– scler/itis = inflammation of sclera

– scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera

– scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera

• Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters

• ir/ides = plural form

• irid/o = combining form

• Examples:– irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris

– irid/algia = pain in iris

• Examples:– irid/o/malacia = softening of iris

– irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris

– irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris

– irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris

Iris Conditions

• ir/itis = inflammation of iris

• corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris

• scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris

• irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris

Retina

• Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain

• retin/o = combining form

• Examples:– retin/al = pertaining to retina

– retin/itis = inflammation of retina

Retina

• Examples:– retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error

of retina

– retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope• Skiascopy

– Proper term for retinoscopy

– retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina

Retina

• Macular degeneration– Deterioration of macula

• Area on retina near optic nerve

– Common cause of blindness in elderly

– Treatment for some types:• Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression

Glaucoma

• Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure– Can result in blindness if not treated

– Three basic types:• Open angle

• Angle closure

• Congenital

• Opening in iris through which light passes

• cor = word root

• cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms

• Examples:– cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place

– cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil

– cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil

• Examples:– anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size

– core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil

– core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil

– core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil

Ciliary Body

• Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris

• cycl/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– cyclos = circle

Ciliary Body

• Examples:– cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body

– cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea

Animation

Click Here to Play Vision Animation

• lacrim/ation = tearing

• lacrim/o = combining form

• Examples:– lacrim/al = pertaining to tears

– lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears

– lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid

– nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away

• dacry = word root for tears

• Examples:– dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation

– dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation

– dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland

– dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac

– dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland

• Examples:– dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland

– dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac

– dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac

– dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac

• onych/o = combining form

• Examples:– onych/osis = any nail condition

– onych/oid = resembling fingernail

– onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails

– onych/o/phagia = nail biting

Nail Conditions

• onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed

• onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails

• onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail

• trich/o = combining form

• Examples:– trich/oid = resembling hair

– trich/o/pathy = any hair disease

– trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue

– trich/iasis = formation of hair

– trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair

• Examples:– trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair

– trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair

• alopec/ia = condition of baldness– Types:

• Alopecia areata

• Alopecia congenitalis

• Alopecia medicamentosa

Endocrinology

• endo/crine = secrete inside– Refers to glands that secrete hormones

• endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system

• endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system

Endocrinology Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaningthyroid/o or thyr/o thyroid gland

thym/o thymus gland

adren/o adrenal gland

pancreat/o pancreas

oophor/o ovary

testic, orchid/o, or orchi/o testis

Animation

Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation

Adrenal Glands

• supra/renal glands = alternate name– Due to location above kidneys

• Stimulate autonomic nervous system– adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs• adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work

• Epinephrine dilates bronchi– Used to treat asthma

Adrenal Glands

• adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands– Cortisone

• adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease

• adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands

• adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue

Thyroid Gland

• thyr/o/xine or thyr/o/xin = hormone produced by thyroid

• thyr/oid/ectomy = excision of thyroid gland

• hyper/thyroid/ism = overactive thyroid

• hypo/thyroid/ism = underactive thyroid

Other Endocrine Terms

• test/o/sterone = hormone produced by testes

• thym/osin = hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates development of T-cells

• pancreat/itis = inflammation of pancreas

• oophor/oma = tumor in ovary

• testic/ular = pertaining to testes

Steroidal Hormones

• Steroids– Lipid hormones

• Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone– Testosterone affects male libido

– Estrogen affects female fertility

– Synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

– Enter cell nuclei to affect cell function• Code ribonucleic acid (RNA) to produce proteins

Non-Steroidal Hormones

• Protein-based hormones– Link to receptors on cell membrane

– E.g., insulin produced by pancreas• Insulin allows glucose to enter cells

• Lack of insulin can result in hyper/glyc/emia and dia/betes

Blood Conditions

• -emia = condition of or in blood

• Examples:– isch/emia = blood flow interrupted

– transient isch/emic attack = temporary interruption of blood flow

• Usually in brain

Blood Conditions

• Examples:– leuk/emia = blood cancer

– an/emia = reduction in RBCs

– hyper/emia = too much blood (in one part)

– ur/emia = urine constituents in blood

– hemat/ur/ia = blood in urine

Trauma

• Wound or injury

• traumat/o = combining form

• Examples:– traumat/o/logy = study of wound care

– traumat/ic = pertaining to wounds or being wounded

Trauma

Type of Wound Descriptionabrasion scraped skin

contusion bruise

avulsion accidental, forceful pulling out

fracture break or crack of bone

laceration cut or jagged wound

puncture penetration of pointed object

Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpathology pathologist causes and nature of

diseases

dermatology dermatologist skin

neurology neurologist nervous system

gynecology gynecologist female conditions

urology urologist male conditions and all urinary diseases

endocrinology endocrinologist glands of internal secretion

Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldoncology oncologist neoplasms (cancer)

cardiology cardiologist heart

ophthalmology ophthalmologist eye

otorhinolaryng-ology

otorhinolaryng-ologist

ear, nose, and throat

obstetrics obstetrician pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium

geriatrics geriatrician elderly

Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpediatrics pediatrician children

orthopedics orthopedist bones and muscles

psychiatry psychiatrist mental disorders

audiology audiologist hearing function

radiology radiologist diagnostic imaging and therapeutic x-ray

chiropractic chiropractor manipulation therapy

podiatry podiatrist foot conditions

• phag/o/cyte = cell that eats microorganisms

• phag/o/cyt/osis = process of cell eating microorganisms– phag/o = to eat or swallow

• cyt/o/phagy = ingestion of cells by phagocytes

• macr/o/phage = large phagocyte

• micr/o/phage = small phagocyte

• cyt/o/meter = instrument for counting cells

• cyt/o/metry = process of counting cells

• cyt/o/scopy = examination of cells

• cyt/o/stasis = stopping or controlling cells

Miscellaneous Terms

• ambi/valence = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas

• diplo/bacillus = bacillus that occurs in pairs

• diplo/coccus = coccus that grows in pairs

• eu/phoria = feeling of well-being

• dys/phoria = feeling of depression

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 15 Ophthalmology,...

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