Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 15 Ophthalmology,...

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 15

Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties


Ophthalmology

• ophthalm/o = combining form for eye

• Examples:– ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye

• ocular = pertaining to eye

– ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery

– ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty


Ophthalmology

• Examples:– ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease

– ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye

– ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye

– ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye

– ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball

– ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles


Ophthalmology

• Examples:– ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball

– ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye

– ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope

– ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye


Ophthalmology

• opt/o = combining form for vision

• Examples:– opt/o/metry = measurement of vision

– opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity

– opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision


Eye Specialists

• Ophthalmologist– Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.)

– Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery

• Ophthalmic technician– Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists


Eye Specialists

• Optometrist– Doctor of optometry (O.D.)

– Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses


Vision Conditions

• How vision works:– Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused

on retina

• -opia = suffix meaning vision condition


Vision Conditions

• my/opia = nearsightedness– See close objects, but not distant ones

• hyper/opia = farsightedness– See distant objects, but not close ones

• presby/opia = loss of accommodation– Lens fails to adjust

• Especially for seeing close objects


Myopia and Hyperopia


Vision Conditions

• dipl/opia = double vision– Crossed eyes

– Both eyes fail to record same image on brain

• di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye– Used to prescribe corrective lenses


Vision Conditions

• phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses


Vision Conditions

• Defects that cause objects to appear different colors:– cyan/opsia = blue vision

– xanth/opsia = yellow vision

– chlor/opsia = green vision

– erythr/opsia = red vision


Directional Terms in Ophthalmology

• Strabismus or squint– When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position

• tropia = turning

• exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward

• eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward

• hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward

• hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward


Esotropia and Exotropia


Structures of the Eye


Eyeball


Eyelid

• blephar/o = combining term

• Examples:– blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid

– blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid• edema = swelling due to fluid retention

– blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid

– blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid


Eyelid Procedures

• blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid

• blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid

• blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid

• blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid


Eyelid

• Conjunctiva– Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera

• conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva– More than 30 types of inflammation


Cornea

• corne and kerat = word roots

• corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms

• Examples:– corne/al = pertaining to cornea

– corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris

– corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera


Cornea

• Examples:– kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture

– kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera

– kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea

– kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea

– kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea

– kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant


Lens

• phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye

• Origin– Greek

– phacos = lentil• Shape of eye lens


Lens

• Examples:– phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens

– phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal


Sclera

• White, hard outer coat of eye

• Origin– Greek

– scleras = hard


Sclera

• Examples:– scler/al = pertaining to sclera

– scler/itis = inflammation of sclera

– scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera

– scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera


Iris

• Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters

• ir/ides = plural form

• irid/o = combining form

• Examples:– irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris

– irid/algia = pain in iris


Iris

• Examples:– irid/o/malacia = softening of iris

– irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris

– irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris

– irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris


Iris Conditions

• ir/itis = inflammation of iris

• corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris

• scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris

• irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris


Retina

• Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain

• retin/o = combining form

• Examples:– retin/al = pertaining to retina

– retin/itis = inflammation of retina


Retina

• Examples:– retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error

of retina

– retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope• Skiascopy

– Proper term for retinoscopy

– retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina


Retina

• Macular degeneration– Deterioration of macula

• Area on retina near optic nerve

– Common cause of blindness in elderly

– Treatment for some types:• Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression


Glaucoma

• Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure– Can result in blindness if not treated

– Three basic types:• Open angle

• Angle closure

• Congenital


Pupil

• Opening in iris through which light passes

• cor = word root

• cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms

• Examples:– cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place

– cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil

– cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil


Pupil

• Examples:– anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size

– core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil

– core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil

– core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil


Ciliary Body

• Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris

• cycl/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– cyclos = circle


Ciliary Body

• Examples:– cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body

– cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea


Animation

Click Here to Play Vision Animation


Tears

• lacrim/ation = tearing

• lacrim/o = combining form

• Examples:– lacrim/al = pertaining to tears

– lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears

– lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid

– nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away


Tears

• dacry = word root for tears

• Examples:– dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation

– dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation

– dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland

– dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac

– dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland


Tears

• Examples:– dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland

– dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac

– dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac

– dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac


Nails

• onych/o = combining form

• Examples:– onych/osis = any nail condition

– onych/oid = resembling fingernail

– onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails

– onych/o/phagia = nail biting


Nail Conditions

• onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed

• onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails

• onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail


Hair

• trich/o = combining form

• Examples:– trich/oid = resembling hair

– trich/o/pathy = any hair disease

– trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue

– trich/iasis = formation of hair

– trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair


Hair

• Examples:– trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair

– trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair

• alopec/ia = condition of baldness– Types:

• Alopecia areata

• Alopecia congenitalis

• Alopecia medicamentosa


Endocrinology

• endo/crine = secrete inside– Refers to glands that secrete hormones

• endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system

• endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system


Endocrinology Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaningthyroid/o or thyr/o thyroid gland

thym/o thymus gland

adren/o adrenal gland

pancreat/o pancreas

oophor/o ovary

testic, orchid/o, or orchi/o testis


Animation

Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation


Adrenal Glands

• supra/renal glands = alternate name– Due to location above kidneys

• Stimulate autonomic nervous system– adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs• adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work

• Epinephrine dilates bronchi– Used to treat asthma


Adrenal Glands

• adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands– Cortisone

• adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease

• adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands

• adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue


Thyroid Gland

• thyr/o/xine or thyr/o/xin = hormone produced by thyroid

• thyr/oid/ectomy = excision of thyroid gland

• hyper/thyroid/ism = overactive thyroid

• hypo/thyroid/ism = underactive thyroid


Other Endocrine Terms

• test/o/sterone = hormone produced by testes

• thym/osin = hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates development of T-cells

• pancreat/itis = inflammation of pancreas

• oophor/oma = tumor in ovary

• testic/ular = pertaining to testes


Steroidal Hormones

• Steroids– Lipid hormones

• Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone– Testosterone affects male libido

– Estrogen affects female fertility

– Synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

– Enter cell nuclei to affect cell function• Code ribonucleic acid (RNA) to produce proteins


Non-Steroidal Hormones

• Protein-based hormones– Link to receptors on cell membrane

– E.g., insulin produced by pancreas• Insulin allows glucose to enter cells

• Lack of insulin can result in hyper/glyc/emia and dia/betes


Blood Conditions

• -emia = condition of or in blood

• Examples:– isch/emia = blood flow interrupted

– transient isch/emic attack = temporary interruption of blood flow

• Usually in brain


Blood Conditions

• Examples:– leuk/emia = blood cancer

– an/emia = reduction in RBCs

– hyper/emia = too much blood (in one part)

– ur/emia = urine constituents in blood

– hemat/ur/ia = blood in urine


Trauma

• Wound or injury

• traumat/o = combining form

• Examples:– traumat/o/logy = study of wound care

– traumat/ic = pertaining to wounds or being wounded


Trauma

Type of Wound Descriptionabrasion scraped skin

contusion bruise

avulsion accidental, forceful pulling out

fracture break or crack of bone

laceration cut or jagged wound

puncture penetration of pointed object


Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpathology pathologist causes and nature of

diseases

dermatology dermatologist skin

neurology neurologist nervous system

gynecology gynecologist female conditions

urology urologist male conditions and all urinary diseases

endocrinology endocrinologist glands of internal secretion


Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldoncology oncologist neoplasms (cancer)

cardiology cardiologist heart

ophthalmology ophthalmologist eye

otorhinolaryng-ology

otorhinolaryng-ologist

ear, nose, and throat

obstetrics obstetrician pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium

geriatrics geriatrician elderly


Medical Specialties

Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpediatrics pediatrician children

orthopedics orthopedist bones and muscles

psychiatry psychiatrist mental disorders

audiology audiologist hearing function

radiology radiologist diagnostic imaging and therapeutic x-ray

chiropractic chiropractor manipulation therapy

podiatry podiatrist foot conditions


Cells

• phag/o/cyte = cell that eats microorganisms

• phag/o/cyt/osis = process of cell eating microorganisms– phag/o = to eat or swallow

• cyt/o/phagy = ingestion of cells by phagocytes

• macr/o/phage = large phagocyte

• micr/o/phage = small phagocyte


Cells

• cyt/o/meter = instrument for counting cells

• cyt/o/metry = process of counting cells

• cyt/o/scopy = examination of cells

• cyt/o/stasis = stopping or controlling cells


Miscellaneous Terms

• ambi/valence = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas

• diplo/bacillus = bacillus that occurs in pairs

• diplo/coccus = coccus that grows in pairs

• eu/phoria = feeling of well-being

• dys/phoria = feeling of depression

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 15 Ophthalmology,...

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