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Chapter 5
• Cell Structure and Function
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Cell Theory
• All Living Things Are Composed of One or More Cells
• The Cell is the Simplest Form of Life
• All Cells Arise from Other Cells
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All Cells Share Certain Common Features
– Common Features of All Cells (T5.1 p. 76)
• The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment
• All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint and Contain Cytoplasm
• All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from Their Environment
5 micrometers10 micrometers
50 micrometers
cilia
0.5 micrometers
mitochondrion
mitochondria
cilia nucleus contractilevacuole
Paramecium
Light microscope Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope Scanning electron microscope
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Two Basic Kinds of Cells
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic– Cell Structures, Their Functions, and Their
Distribution in Living Cells (T5.2 p. 81)
– A generalized prokaryotic cell (F5.2 p. 80) – A generalized plant cell (F 5.4 p. 82) – A generalized animal cell (F5.3 p. 83)
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Diagnostice Features of Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells Are Small and Possess Specialized Surface Features
• Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer Specialized Structures Within Their Cytoplasm
chromosome(nucleoid region)
pili
ribosomes
food granule
prokaryoticflagellum
capsule orslime layer
cell wall
plasma membranecytoplasm
plasmid (DNA)
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Diagnostic Features of Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells Contain Membrane Bound Organelles
• Plant Cells – Chloroplasts & Plastids
• Animal Cells– Centrioles, Cilia & Flagella
mitochondrion vesicle
cytoplasm
flagellum
lysosome
centriole
Golgi complex
vesicle
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)nucleolus
nucleus
ribosome
free ribosome
microtubules
rough endoplasmicreticulum
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
central vacuole
plastid mitochondrion
vesicle plasmodesma
cell wall
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
free ribosomeribosomes
nucleusnucleolus
nuclear porechromatin
nuclear envelope
Golgi complex
chloroplast
Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
roughendoplasmicreticulum
Centralvacuole
plastid mitochondrion
plasmodesma
Golgicomplex
chloroplast
microtubules(part of cytoskeleton)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
cell wall
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
free ribosomeribosomes
nucleus
nucleolusnuclear porechromatin
nuclear envelope
roughendoplasmicreticulum
nucleus
nuclearpores
nuclear envelope
nuclear poresnucleolus
chromatin
nuclearenvelope
nuclearpores
nucleolus
chromatin
nucleus
nuclearpores
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.2.1 The Nuclear Envelope Allows Selective Exchange of Materials
– 5.3.2.2 Chromatin Contains DNA, Which Codes for the Synthesis of Proteins
• Figure 5.6 Chromosomes (p. 84)
chromatin
chromosome
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.2.3 The Nucleolus Is the Site of Ribosome Assembly
• Figure 5.7 Ribosomes (p. 85)
• Figure 5.8 Endoplasmic reticulum (p. 85)
0.05 micrometers
mRNA
ribosomes
rough endoplasmicreticulum
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes
vesicles
0.5 micrometer
0.5 micrometer
ribosomes
vesicles
rough endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes
0.5 micrometer
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
vesicles
0.5 micrometer
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of Membranes– 5.3.3.1 The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the
Cell and Allows Selective Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment
– 5.3.3.2 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the Cytoplasm
– 5.3.3.3 The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters, and Packages Important Molecules
• Figure 5.9 The Golgi complex (p. 86)
Golgicomplex
vesiclesfrom ER
vesiclesleavingGolgicomplex
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.3.4 The Travels of a Secreted Protein– 5.3.3.5 Lysosomes Serve as the Cell’s
Digestive System• Figure 5.10 The flow of membrane within the
cell (p. 87)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
nuclear envelope
Golgi complex
exocytosisplasma membrane
phagocytosis
lysosomefused withfood vacuole
food vacuole
roughendoplasmicreticulum
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.3.6 Membrane Synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Flows Through the Membrane System of the Cell
• 5.3.4 Vacuoles Serve Many Functions, Including Water Regulation, Support, and Storage– 5.3.4.1 Freshwater Microorganisms Have
Contractile Vacuoles• Figure 5.11 Contractile vacuoles (p. 88)
contractilevacuole
centralreservoir
pore
collectingducts
contractilevacuole
centralreservoir
pore
collectingducts
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.4.2 Plant Cells Have Central Vacuoles• Figure 5.12 The central vacuole and turgor
pressure in plant cells (p. 89)
cytoplasm centralvacuole
cell wall plasma membrane
cytoplasm centralvacuole
cell wallplasma
membrane
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.5 Mitochondria Extract Energy from Food Molecules, and Chloroplasts Capture Solar Energy– 5.3.5.1 Mitochondria Use Energy Stored in
Food Molecules to Produce ATP• Figure 5.13 A mitochondrion (p. 90)
outermembrane
innermembrane
intermembranecompartment
matrix
cristae
0.2 micrometer
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.5.2 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
• Figure 5.14 A chloroplast (p. 91)
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
thylakoid
channelinterconnecting
thylakoids
granum(stack of thylakoids)
1 micrometer
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.6 Plants Use Plastids for Storage– Figure 5.15 A plastid (p. 92)
starchglobules
plastid
0.5 micrometer
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.7 The Cytoskeleton Provides Shape, Support, and Movement– Figure 5.16 The cytoskeleton (p. 92)
microfilaments
mitochondrion
ribosomes
microtubulevesicle
microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
endoplasmic reticulum
microfilaments
mitochondrion
ribosomes
microtubule
vesicle
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
endoplasmicreticulum
microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.8 Cilia and Flagella Move the Cell Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past the Cell– Figure 5.17 Cilia and flagella (p. 93) – Figure 5.18 How cilia and flagella move
(p. 94)
Paramecium
0.1 micrometer
cilium
plasma membrane
basal body
x-section of cilium(9+2 arrangement)
x-section of basal body(9+0 arrangement)
central unfusedpair ofmicrotubules
fused pair ofmicrotubules
Protein "arms"
0.1 micrometer
return stroke
cilia liningtrachea
flagellum ofhuman sperm
Cilium
continuous propulsion
plasma membrane
direction of locomotion
power stroke
Flagellumpropulsion of fluid
Propulsion of fluid
return stroke
cilia liningtrachea
Cilium
plasma membranepower stroke
propulsion of fluid
return stroke
Cilium
plasma membranepower stroke
propulsion of fluid
cilia liningtrachea
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flagellumof humansperm
continuous propulsion
direction of locomotionFlagellum
propulsion of fluid
continuous propulsion
direction of locomotionFlagellum
propulsion of fluid
flagellum ofhuman sperm
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