Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Function.
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Transcript of Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Function.
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chapter 5
• Cell Structure and Function
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Cell Theory
• All Living Things Are Composed of One or More Cells
• The Cell is the Simplest Form of Life
• All Cells Arise from Other Cells
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
All Cells Share Certain Common Features
– Common Features of All Cells (T5.1 p. 76)
• The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment
• All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint and Contain Cytoplasm
• All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from Their Environment
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5 micrometers10 micrometers
50 micrometers
cilia
0.5 micrometers
mitochondrion
mitochondria
cilia nucleus contractilevacuole
Paramecium
Light microscope Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope Scanning electron microscope
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Two Basic Kinds of Cells
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic– Cell Structures, Their Functions, and Their
Distribution in Living Cells (T5.2 p. 81)
– A generalized prokaryotic cell (F5.2 p. 80) – A generalized plant cell (F 5.4 p. 82) – A generalized animal cell (F5.3 p. 83)
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Diagnostice Features of Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells Are Small and Possess Specialized Surface Features
• Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer Specialized Structures Within Their Cytoplasm
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chromosome(nucleoid region)
pili
ribosomes
food granule
prokaryoticflagellum
capsule orslime layer
cell wall
plasma membranecytoplasm
plasmid (DNA)
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Diagnostic Features of Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells Contain Membrane Bound Organelles
• Plant Cells – Chloroplasts & Plastids
• Animal Cells– Centrioles, Cilia & Flagella
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mitochondrion vesicle
cytoplasm
flagellum
lysosome
centriole
Golgi complex
vesicle
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)nucleolus
nucleus
ribosome
free ribosome
microtubules
rough endoplasmicreticulum
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
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central vacuole
plastid mitochondrion
vesicle plasmodesma
cell wall
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
free ribosomeribosomes
nucleusnucleolus
nuclear porechromatin
nuclear envelope
Golgi complex
chloroplast
Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
roughendoplasmicreticulum
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Centralvacuole
plastid mitochondrion
plasmodesma
Golgicomplex
chloroplast
microtubules(part of cytoskeleton)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
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vesicle
cell wall
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
free ribosomeribosomes
nucleus
nucleolusnuclear porechromatin
nuclear envelope
roughendoplasmicreticulum
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nucleus
nuclearpores
nuclear envelope
nuclear poresnucleolus
chromatin
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nuclearenvelope
nuclearpores
nucleolus
chromatin
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nucleus
nuclearpores
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.2.1 The Nuclear Envelope Allows Selective Exchange of Materials
– 5.3.2.2 Chromatin Contains DNA, Which Codes for the Synthesis of Proteins
• Figure 5.6 Chromosomes (p. 84)
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chromatin
chromosome
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.2.3 The Nucleolus Is the Site of Ribosome Assembly
• Figure 5.7 Ribosomes (p. 85)
• Figure 5.8 Endoplasmic reticulum (p. 85)
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0.05 micrometers
mRNA
ribosomes
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rough endoplasmicreticulum
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes
vesicles
0.5 micrometer
0.5 micrometer
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ribosomes
vesicles
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rough endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes
0.5 micrometer
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smooth endoplasmicreticulum
vesicles
0.5 micrometer
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of Membranes– 5.3.3.1 The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the
Cell and Allows Selective Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment
– 5.3.3.2 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the Cytoplasm
– 5.3.3.3 The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters, and Packages Important Molecules
• Figure 5.9 The Golgi complex (p. 86)
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Golgicomplex
vesiclesfrom ER
vesiclesleavingGolgicomplex
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.3.4 The Travels of a Secreted Protein– 5.3.3.5 Lysosomes Serve as the Cell’s
Digestive System• Figure 5.10 The flow of membrane within the
cell (p. 87)
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smoothendoplasmicreticulum
nuclear envelope
Golgi complex
exocytosisplasma membrane
phagocytosis
lysosomefused withfood vacuole
food vacuole
roughendoplasmicreticulum
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.3.6 Membrane Synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Flows Through the Membrane System of the Cell
• 5.3.4 Vacuoles Serve Many Functions, Including Water Regulation, Support, and Storage– 5.3.4.1 Freshwater Microorganisms Have
Contractile Vacuoles• Figure 5.11 Contractile vacuoles (p. 88)
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contractilevacuole
centralreservoir
pore
collectingducts
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contractilevacuole
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centralreservoir
pore
collectingducts
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.4.2 Plant Cells Have Central Vacuoles• Figure 5.12 The central vacuole and turgor
pressure in plant cells (p. 89)
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cytoplasm centralvacuole
cell wall plasma membrane
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cytoplasm centralvacuole
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cell wallplasma
membrane
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.5 Mitochondria Extract Energy from Food Molecules, and Chloroplasts Capture Solar Energy– 5.3.5.1 Mitochondria Use Energy Stored in
Food Molecules to Produce ATP• Figure 5.13 A mitochondrion (p. 90)
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outermembrane
innermembrane
intermembranecompartment
matrix
cristae
0.2 micrometer
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
– 5.3.5.2 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
• Figure 5.14 A chloroplast (p. 91)
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outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
thylakoid
channelinterconnecting
thylakoids
granum(stack of thylakoids)
1 micrometer
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.6 Plants Use Plastids for Storage– Figure 5.15 A plastid (p. 92)
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starchglobules
plastid
0.5 micrometer
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.7 The Cytoskeleton Provides Shape, Support, and Movement– Figure 5.16 The cytoskeleton (p. 92)
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microfilaments
mitochondrion
ribosomes
microtubulevesicle
microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
endoplasmic reticulum
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microfilaments
mitochondrion
ribosomes
microtubule
vesicle
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
endoplasmicreticulum
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microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
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5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5.3.8 Cilia and Flagella Move the Cell Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past the Cell– Figure 5.17 Cilia and flagella (p. 93) – Figure 5.18 How cilia and flagella move
(p. 94)
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Paramecium
0.1 micrometer
cilium
plasma membrane
basal body
x-section of cilium(9+2 arrangement)
x-section of basal body(9+0 arrangement)
central unfusedpair ofmicrotubules
fused pair ofmicrotubules
Protein "arms"
0.1 micrometer
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return stroke
cilia liningtrachea
flagellum ofhuman sperm
Cilium
continuous propulsion
plasma membrane
direction of locomotion
power stroke
Flagellumpropulsion of fluid
Propulsion of fluid
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return stroke
cilia liningtrachea
Cilium
plasma membranepower stroke
propulsion of fluid
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return stroke
Cilium
plasma membranepower stroke
propulsion of fluid
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cilia liningtrachea
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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flagellumof humansperm
continuous propulsion
direction of locomotionFlagellum
propulsion of fluid
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continuous propulsion
direction of locomotionFlagellum
propulsion of fluid
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flagellum ofhuman sperm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.