CONTRIBUTION OF BIOLOGY · Cell theory was modified by Rudolf Virchow (1855) 01. Contact :...

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CONTRIBUTION OF

BIOLOGY

Cell theory was modified by

Rudolf Virchow (1855)

Fluid mosaic model was

given by Singer & Nicolson

(1972)

Auxin was isolated from tips

of coleoptiles of oat

seedlings by F.W. Went.

E. Kurosawa reported the appearance of symptoms of “Bakane (foolish

seedlings) disease” in uninfected rice seedlings when they were treated with

sterile filtrates of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.

M.S. Swaminathan is known for

the development of the concept

of crop cafeteria & crop

scheduling.

Good humor hypothesis was

given by Hippocrates &

Indian Ayurveda System

The experimental proof that

DNA replicates

semiconservatively was given

in eukaryotes by Taylor (1958).

George Gamow (a physicist)

proposed that codon was

triplet.

Species-area relationship

was given by Alexander von

Humboldt.

The importance of species

diversity to the ecosystem

was given by David Tilman

Binomial nomenclature was

given by Carolus Linnaeus.

Two kingdom system of

classification was given by

Carolus Linnaeus.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek first

saw & described a live cell.

Cell theory was given by

Schleiden & Schwann.

Calvin use radioactive C14 in algal

photosynthesis studies that led the

discovery that the first CO2 fixation

product was a 3-carbon organic acid.

Whole pathway of C3 - cycle

was worked by Calvin and

Benson

M.S. Swaminathan initiated

collaboration with Norman

Borlaug

M.S. Swaminathan is initiator

of Lab-to-land & food

security.

Central dogma of biology

was given by Crick.

The experimental proof that DNA

replicates semiconservatively was

given in prokaryotes by Meselson &

Stahl (1958).

Cost of ecosystem services

was given by Robert

Costanza

Term Biodiversity

popularised by Edward

Wilson (Sociobiologist)

Systema Naturae was

written by Carolus Linnaeus.

Artificial system of

Carolus Linnaeus.

P. Maheshwari was

influenced by Dr. W. Dudegon

a- helix & b- sheet

structures was published by

Linus Pauling

Van Niel demonstrated that PHS is essentially

a light-dependent reaction in which hydrogen

from a suitable oxidisable compound reduces

carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.

Van Niel inferred that the O2

evolved by green plant

comes from H2O, not from

First recombinant DNA was formed by Cohen

& Boyer.

Watson study on the “Effect

of hard X-rays on

bacteriophage

multiplication” (1950)

Unequivoal proof that DNA is

the genetic material came

from the experiements of

Hershey & Chase (1952).

Replication scheme was given by Watson & Crick.

“Competitive Exclusion

principle” was given by

Gause.

Resource partitioning was given by Mac Arthur.

Natural System of

classification for flowering

plants was given by George

Bentham & J.D. Hooker.

5 kingdom system of

R.H. Whittaker (1969).

Ramachandran was

influenced by Linus Pauling

Darwin was influenced by

Malthus

Sachs found that the green parts

in plants is where glucose is made

& that the glucose is usually

stored as starch.

First action spectrum of

PHS was described by T.W.

Englemann.

Herbert Boyer observed that the

restriction enzymes have the

capability of cutting DNA strands in

a particular fashion (1969).

Stanley Cohen developed a

method of removing plasmids

from the cell & then reinserting

them in other cells.

Transforming principle

was given by Griffith

(1928).

Biochemical characterisation of

transforming principle was given

by Avery, MacLeod & Mc Carty.

Ramdeo Misra revered as

the father of ecology in

India.

Ramdeo Misra formulated

the first postgraduate

course in ecology in India.

Aristotle was the earliest to

attempt a more scientific

basis for classification.

Biological classification of

plants & animals was first

proposed by Aristotle.

Calvin work with J.A.

Bassham

Hydroponics technique

developed by Julius von

Sachs (1860).

Cousins confirmed the release of

volatile substance from ripened

oranges that hastened the ripening

of stored unripened bananas.

P. Maheshwari established department

of botany at university of Delhi as

important centre of research in

Embryology & Tissue culture.

Ramesh Chandra Dagar is

related to organic farming.

Semi-dwarf wheat at ICWMI

were developed by Norman

Borlaug.

DNA (Nuclein) was first

identified by Friedrich

Meischer (1869).

X-ray diffraction data

produced by Wilkins &

Franklin.

Hugo de Vries brought forth

the idea of mutations.

Hugo de Vries used the

term saltation.

Nucleus was first discovered

and described by Robert

Brown (1831).

Melvin Calvin earn Nobel

Prize in 1961 for mapping of

the pathway of carbon

assimilation in PHS.

Skoog & his Co-workers observed that from

the internodal segments of tobacco stems the

callus proliferate only if, in addition to auxins,

the nutrient medium was supplemented with

one of the following : extract of vascular

tissue, Yeast Extract, Coconut milk or DNA.

Skoog & Miller identified,

crystallised & termed

Kinetin.

Rivet popper hypothesis was

given by Paul Ehrlich

(Stanford Ecologist)

Polyblend is formed by

Ahmed Khan & his company.

Henking trace a specific

nuclear structure (X-body)

all through spermatogenesis

in a few insects (1891).

Down‟s syndrome was first

described by Langdon Down

(1866)

„Use and disuse of organs‟

theory of evolution was given

by Lamarck (French

Naturalist).

Malthus work on

population.

Causal organism of the

mosaic disease of tabacco is

recognised by D.J. Ivanowsky

(1892).

Contagium vivum fluidum is

called by M.W. Beijerinek

(1898).

Golgi bodies was discovered

by Camillo Golgi (1898)

Ribosome was discovered by

George Palade (1953)

Discovery of PGRs is started

with the observation of

Charles Darwin & his son

Francis Darwin.

Charles Darwin & Francis Darwin

observed that the coleoptiles of

canary grass respond to unilateral

illumination by growing towards the

light source (Phototropism).

Good humor hypothesis was

disproved by William Harvey

Blood circulation was

discovered by - William

Harvey

Sutton & Boveri argued that the pairing

& separation of a pair of chromosomes

would lead to the segregation of a pair

of factors they carried.

Genetic map discovered by

Alfred Sturtevent.

Darwin made a sea voyage in

a sail ship (H.M.S. Beagle).

Alfred Wallace worked in

Malay Archipelago.

Founder of Madras School of

Conformational analysis of

biopolymers was G.N.

Ramachandran.

Triple helical model of

collagen was given by G.N.

Ramachandran

Law of limiting factors was

given by Blackmann (1905)

Scheme of Glycolysis was

given by Embden, Meyerhof &

Parnas. (EMP)

P.Maheshwari was honoured

with Fellowship of Royal

Society of London (FRS).

Short-duration high-yielding

varieties of rice (including scented

Basmati) was developed by M.S.

Swaminathan.

Chromosomal theory of

inheritance was given by

Sutton & Boveri.

Experimental verification of

the chromosomal theory of

inheritance was given by T.H.

Morgan

Life comes from pre-existing

life it is told by Louis

Pasteur.

Oparin & Haldane proposed that

the first form of life could have

come from pre-existing non-

living organic molecules.

„Anatomy of Seed Plants‟

published by Katherine Esau

(1960).

Curly top virus spreads

through a plant via phloem

tissue, it is reported by

Katherine Esau

Sachs shows that the green susbtance

in plants (chlorophyll) is located in

special bodies (later called

chloroplasts) within plant cells.

C4 - pathway was

discovered by Hatch &

Lasker award given to

Watson & Crick

Balzen prize given to Ernst

Mendel‟s results were

rediscovered by de Vries,

Correns & von Tschermark

independently in 1900.

Sutton & Boveri noted that

the behaviour of

chromosome was parallel to

the behaviour of genes.

DNA fingerprinting technique

was developed by Alec

Jeffreys.

Spontaneous generation

theory was dismissed by

Louis Pasteur.

Viruses crystallised by W.M.

Stanley (1935).

Viroids were discovered by

T.O. Diener (1971).

Jan Ingenhousz showed that

it is only the green part of

the plants that could release

oxygen.

Julius von Sachs provide

evidence for production of

glucose when plants grow.

Sanjay Gandhi Award in

Environment & Ecology is

given to Ramdeo Misra.

M.S. Swaminathan is

awarded by Padma

Bhushan.

Mendal proposed laws of

inheritance in living

organisms.

Punnet square were

developed by R.C. Punnet.

Automated DNA sequencers

worked on the principle of a

method developed by

Frederick Sanger

Frederick Sanger developed

the method for

determination of amino acid

sequences in proteins.

Jan Ingenhousz used a

similar setup as the one

used by Priestley.

Jan Ingenhousz showed that

sunlight is essential to the

plant process.

P. Maheshwari popularised

the use of embryological

character in taxonomy.

P. Maheshwari & Ramdeo

Misra was awarded by INSA

(Indian National Science

Academy).

Crick study on “X-ray

diffraction: polypeptides &

proteins” (1954)

Double helical model of B-

DNA was given by Watson &

Crick (1953)

Polynucleotide

phosphorylase is called

Severo Ochoa enzyme

Lac operon was given by

Jacob & Monad.

O2 was discovered by

Joseph Priestley (1774)

Priestley revealed the

essential role of air in

growth of green plants

(1770).

P. Maheshwari emphasised

the need for initiation of

work on artificial culture of

immature embryos.

P. Maheshwari work on test-

tube fertilisation & intra-

ovarian pollination

Har Gobind Khorana

synthesizes RNA molecules with

defined combination of bases

(homopolyers & copolymers).

Nirenberg in cell-free

system for protein synthesis

finally helped the code to be

deciphered.

THANK YOU

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