Post on 02-Jan-2017
Current Opin ion in STRUCTUNAE
BIOLOGY Volume 1 Number 1 February 1991
Wayne Hendrickson and Editorial Aaron Klug
Thomas E. Creighton and Peter S. Kim
Thomas E. Creighton
Brian W. Matthews
Christopher M. Dobson
C. Robert Matthews
Franz X. Schmid
Jo@l Janin
Wolfram Bode and Robert Huber
Cyrus Chothia
Folding and binding edited by Thomas E. Creishton and Peter S. Kim
Folding and binding:editorial overview
Stability of folded conformations
Mutational analysis of protein stability
Characterization of protein folding intermediates
The mechanism of protein folding
Catalysis and assistance of protein folding
Protein-protein interactions and assembly
Ligand binding: proteinase-protein inhibitor interactions
Antigen recognition
5
17
22
28
36
42
45
53
Paul B. Sigler
Robert Kaptein
Tom K. Kerppola and Tom Curran
Richard G. Brennan
Simon E.V. Phillips
Mary-Ann Bjomsti
John M. Rosenberg
Andrew A. Travers
Protein-nucleic acid interactions edited by Paul B. $igler
Protein-nucleic acid interactions: editorial overview
Zinc fingers
Transcription factor interactions: basics on zippers
61
63
71
Interactions of the helix-turn-helix binding domain 80
Specific ~-sheet interactions 89
DNA topoisomerases 99
Structure and function of restriction endonucleases 104
DNA bending and kinking - - sequence dependence and function 114
Continued
iii
iv
Catherine M. Joyce
Wolfram Saenger
Thomas A. Steitz
Can DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) serve as a model for other polymerases?
Structure and catalytic function of nucleases
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: structural aspects of evolution and tRNA recognition
Current world literature
Contents
Folding and binding
Protein-nucleic acid interactions
Reports of structures
Index to subjects
List of journals scanned
Subscription information
123
130
139
145
145
156
167
Volume 1 Number 2 April 1991
Barry Honig
Kim A. Sharp
Donald Bashford
David S. Cafiso
Herman J.C. Berendsen
J. Andrew McCammon
Wendy D. Cornell, Allison E. Howard and
Peter Kollman
Stanley K. Burr, Charles W. Hutchins and
Jonathan Greer
Mark B, Swindells and Janet M. Thornton
Michael Levitt
Stephen C. Harrison and David J. DeRosier
Peter M. Colman
Theory and simulation edited by Barry Honig
Theory and simulation: editorial overview
The hydrophobic effect
Electrostatic effects in biological molecules
Lipid bilayers: membrane-protein electrostatic interactions
Molecular dynamics studies of proteins and nucleic acids
Free energy from simulations
Molecular mechanical potential functions and their application to study molecular systems
Predicting receptor-ligand interactions
Modelling by homology
Protein folding
Macromolecular assemblages edited by Stephen C. Harrison and David I. DeRosier
Macromolecular assemblages: editorial overview
Antigen-antigen receptor interactions
169
171
175
185
191
196
201
213
219
224
231
232
Continued
William C. Earnshaw
Jonathan Widom
Sandra L. Wolin and Peter Walter
Peter B. Moore
James A. Spudich and Hans M. Warrick
Kenneth C. Holmes and Wolfgang Kabsch
Anthony Bretscher
Stephen C. Harrison
Large scale chromosome structure and organization
Nucleosomes and chromatin
Small ribonucleoproteins
Ribosomes
A tale of two motors
Muscle proteins: actin
Molecular aspects of microfilament structure and assembly
Viruses
237
245
251
258
264
270
281
288
Current world literature
Theory and simulation
Macromolecular assemblages
Reports of structures
Index of subjects
List of journals scanned and subscription information
297
305
317
Thomas L. Blundell and Russell F. Doolittle
William R. Pearson
William R. Taylor and David T. Jones
Mark S. Johnson
Malcolm J. McGregor and Fred E. Cohen
L,~szl6 Patthy
Milton H. Saier Jr and Jonathan Reizer
Steven K. Hanks
Kei-ichi Kuma, Naoyuki Iwabe and
Takashi Miyata
Anthony R. Keflavage
Volume 1 Number 3 June 1991
Sequences and topology edited by Thomas Blundell and Russell Dooliltle
Sequences and topology: editorial overview
Identifying distantly related protein sequences
Templates, consensus patterns and motifs
Comparisons of protein structures
Analysis of conformational tendencies in proteins
Modular exchange principles in proteins
Families and superfamilies of transport proteins common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotic protein kinases
The immunoglobulin family
G-protein-coupled receptor family
319
321
327
334
345
351
362
369
384
394
Continued
vi
Paul I. Hagerman and Richard E. Dickerson
Brian Wimberly, Gabriele Varani and
Ignacio Tinoco Jr
Dino Moras
Kenneth J. Breslauer
Helen M. Berman
Thomas D. Tullius
Dipankar Sen and Walter Gilbert
Dara E. Gilbert and Juli Feigon
Zippora Shakked
David E. Wemmer
Olke C. Uhlenbeck
Julia P. Cooper and Paul J. Hagerman
Nucleic acids edited by Richard Dickerson and Paul Hagerman
Nucleic acids: editorial overview
Structural determinants of RNA function
403
405
Transfer RNA 410
A thermodynamic perspective of DNA bending 416
Hydration of DNA 423
The use of chemical probes to analyse DNA and RNA structures 428
The structure of telomeric DNA: DNA quadriplex formation 435
Structural analysis of drug-DNA interactions 439
The influence of the environment on DNA structures 446 determined by X-ray crystallography
The applicability of NMR methods to solution structure of 452 nucleic acids
Catalytic RNAs 459
Structure of branched DNA molecules in solution 464
Current world literature
Contents
Sequences and topology
Nucleic acids
Reports of structures
Index of subjects
List of journals scanned and subscription information
469
469
483
497
Volume 1 Number 4 August 1991
Vittorio Luzzati and Donald M. Small
Paolo Mariani
Fran(;oise Reiss-Husson
John P. Kane
Lipids edited by Vittorio Luzzati and Donald Small
Lipids: editorial overview
The cubic phases
Lipid-protein interactions in reconstituted model systems
Plasma lipoproteins and their receptors
499
501
5O6
510
Continued
Alfred H. Merrill Jr and Dennis C. Liotta
Michael A. J. Ferguson
Lipids as hormones and second messengers
Lipid anchors on membrane proteins
516
522
vii
Werner KOhlbrandt
J6rg Tittor
Tilman Schirmer and Jurg P. Rosenbusch
Bruce A. Diner, Peter J. Nixon and
Joseph W. Farchaus
David L. Stokes
Roderick A. Capaldi
F. Anne Stephenson
Paul A. Hargrave
Yosef Yarden and Zvi Kelman
Peter J.F. Henderson
Membrane proteins edited by Werner K~hlbrandt
Membrane proteins: editorial overview
A new view of an old pump: bacteriorhodopsin
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic porins
Site-directed mutagenesis of photosynthetic reaction centers
P-type ion pumps: structure determination may soon catch up with structure predictions
Structural features of the mitochondrial electron-transfer chain
Ion channels
Seven-helix receptors
Transmembrane signalling receptors for cytokines and growth factors
Sugar transport proteins
531
534
539
546
555
562
569
575
582
590
F. Raymond Salemme and James A. Wells
Mark J. Zoller
William M. Atkins and Stephen G. Sligar
Charles Wilson and David A. Agard
Cristina T. Lewis and Donald Hilvert
Chris Sander
David A. Tirrell, Maurille J. Fournier and
Thomas L. Mason
Roger D. Kornberg and Seth A. Darst
Harden M. McConnell, Peter Rice, Garrett H. Wada,
John C. Owicki and J. Wallace Parce
Nadrian C. Seeman
Engineering and design edited by F. Raymond Salemme and James Wells
Engineering and design: editorial overview
New molecular biology methods for protein engineering
Protein engineering for studying enzyme catalytic mechanism
Engineering substrate specificity
Engineered antibodies
De novo design of proteins
Protein engineering for materials applications
Two-dimensional crystals of proteins on lipid layers
The microphysiometer biosensor
DNA structural engineering using immobile junctions
603
605
611
617
624
630
638
642
647
653
Continued
. . o V I I I
Current world literature
Contents
Lipids
Membrane proteins
Engineering and design
Bibliography of atomic structures
Index of subjects
List of journals scanned and subscription information
663
663
672
695
707
Volume 1 Number 5 October 1991
Raymond A. Dwek and Florante A. Quiocho
John W. Brady
Jeremy P. Carver
Karl-Heinz Jung and Richard R. Schmidt
Nand K. Vyas
Halina Lis and Nathan Sharon
Raj B. Parekh
Harry Schachter
Ten Feizi
Philip R. Evans and Christopher T. Walsh
Philip R. Evans
Richard Wolfenden and Anna Radzicka
JoAnne Stubbe
Emil F. Pai
John B.C. Findlay
Paul Schimmel
Alan Hall
Carbohydrates and glycobiology edited by Raymond A. Dwek and Florante A. Quiocho
Carbohydrates and glycobiology: editorial overview
Theoretical studies of oligosaccharide structure and conformational dynamics
Experimental structure determination of oligosaccharides
Structure and synthesis of biologically active glycopeptides and glycolipids
Atomic features of protein-carbohydrate interactions
Lectin--carbohydrate interactions
Effects of glycosylation on protein function
Enzymes associated with glycosylation
Cell-cell adhesion and membrane glycosylation
Catalysis and regulation edited by Philip R. Evans and Chrislopher T. Walsh
Catalysis and regulation: editorial overview
Structural aspects of allostery
Transition-state analogues
Dinuclear non-heme iron centers: structure and function
Variations on a theme: the family of FAD-dependent NAD(P)H-(disulphide)-oxidoreductases
Structure and function in membrane transport systems
Mutant enzymes and dissected tRNAs that elucidate motifs for protein-RNA recognition
GTP-binding proteins
709
711
716
721
732
741
750
755
766
771
773
780
788
796
8O4
811
817
Continued
Joseph J. Villafranca
Robert M. Stroud
Michael H. Gelb, Otto Berg and
Mahendra K. Jain
Metal-assisted catalysis
Mechanisms of biological control by phosphorylation
Quantitative and structural analysis of inhibitors of phospholipase A 2
Current world literature
Contents
Carbohydrates and glycobiology
Catalysis and regulation
Bibliography of atomic structures
Index of subjects
List of journals scanned and subscription information
821
826
836
845
845
856
873
ix
Volume 1 Number 6 December 1991
Wim G.J. Hol
Donald LD. Caspar and John Badger
Georg E. Schulz
Jacques Vervoort
Elinor T. Adman
Natalie C.J. Strynadka and Michael N.G. James
Austen F. Ri&gs
Florante A. Quiocho
}ens Brange, Guy G. Dodson and
Bing Xiao
Emil F. Pal
Osnat Herzberg and John Moult
F. Scott Mathews
Judith P. Klinman
Robert L. Dorit and Walter Gilbert
Carl-lvar Br~nd~n
Proteins edited by Wim G.J. Hol
Proteins: editorial overview
Plasticity of crystalline proteins
Domain motions in proteins
Electron-transferring proteins
Structure and function of copper-containing proteins
Towards an understanding of the effects of calcium on protein structure and function
Hemoglobin
Atomic structures and function of periplasmic receptors for active transport and chemotaxis
Designing insulin for diabetes therapy by protein engineering
875
877
883
889
895
9O5
915
922
934
p21 and other guanine-nucleotide-interacting proteins
Penicillin-binding and degrading proteins
941
946
New flavoenzymes
Surprises among quinoproteins
The limited universe of exons
954
968
973
The TIM barrel-- the most frequently occurring folding motif in proteins
978
Continued
William F. DeGrado, Daniel P. Raleigh and
Tracey Handel
Keith Moffat and Gerhard Wagner
Ramachandran Murali and Roger M. Burnett
Janet L. Smith
Keith D. Watenpaugh
Axel T. Br6nger
Friedrich Zemlin
Ad Bax
Jeffrey C. Hoch, Christina Redfield and
Alan S. Stern
Thomas L. James
Franklyn G. Prendergast
Aaron Lewis
De novo protein design! what are we teaming?
Biophysical methods edited by Keith Moffat and Gerhard Wagner
Biophysical methods: editorial overview
X-ray crystallography of very large unit cells
Determination of three-dimensional structure by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction
Macromolecular crystallography at cryogenic temperatures
Crystallographic phasing and refinement of macromolecules
Recent developments in electron crystallography of protein crystals
Experimental NMR techniques for studies of biopolymers
Computer-aided analysis of protein NMR spectra
984
995
997
1002
1012
1016
1023
1030
1036
Relaxation matrix analysis of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser 1042 effect spectra
Time-resolved fluorescence techniques: methods and applications 1054 in biology
Three-dimensional subwavelength resolution with light 1060
Current world literature
Contents 1065
Proteins 1065
Biophysical methods 1090
Bibliography of atomic structures 1099
List of journals scanned and subscription information
A complete author and subject index to volume 1 appears at the end of this issue
Cumulative index to authors
Volume 1 1991
Adman, ET, 895 Agard, DA, 617 Atkins, WM, 611
Badger, J, 877 Bashford, D, 175 Bax, A, 1030 Berendsen, HJC, 191 Berg, O, 836 Berman, HM, 423 Blundell, TL, 319 Brand,n, C-I, 978 Br6nger, AT, 1016 Brady, JW, 711 Brange, J, 934 Breslauer, KJ, 416 Bretscher, A, 281 Burnett, RM, 997 Burt, SK, 213
Cafiso, DS, 185 Capaldi, RA, 562 Carver, JP, 716 Caspar, DLD, 877 Cohen, FE, 345 Colman, PM, 232 Cooper, JP, 464 Cornell, WD, 201
Darst, SA, 642 DeGrado, WF, 984 DeRosier, DJ, 231 Dickerson, RE, 405 Diner, BA, 546 Dodson, GG, 934 Doolittle, RF, 319 Dorit, RL, 973 Dwek, RA, 709
Earnshaw, WC, 237 Evans, PR, 771, 773
Farchaus, JW, 546 Feigon, J, 439 Feizi, T, 766 Ferguson, MA, 522 Findlay, JBC, 804 Fournier, MJ, 638
Gelb, MH, 836 Gilbert, DE, 439 Gilbert, W, 435, 973 Greer, J, 213
Hagerman, PJ, 403, 464 Hall, A, 817 Handel, T, 984
Hanks, SK, 369 Hargrave, PA, 575 Harrison, SC, 231, 288 Henderson, PJF, 590 Herzberg, O, 946 Hilvert, D, 624 Hoch, JC, 1036 Holmes, KC, 270 Hol, WGJ, 875 Honig, B, 169 Howard, AE, 201 Hutchins, CW, 213
Iwabe, N, 384
Jain, MK, 836 James, MNG, 905 James, TL, 1042 Johnson, MS, 334 Jones, DT, 327 Joyce, CM, 123 Jung, K-H, 721
KOhlbrandt, W, 531 Kabsch, W, 270 Kane, JP, 510 Kelman, Z, 582 Kerlavage, AR, 394 Klinman, JP, 968 Kollman, P, 201 Kornber& RD, 642 Kuma, K, 384
Levitt, M, 224 Lewis, A, 1060 Lewis, CT, 624 Liotta, DC, 516 Lis, H, 741 Luzzati, V, 499
Mariani, P, 501 Mason, TL, 638 Mathews, FS, 954 McCammon, JA, 196 McConnell, HM, 647 McGregor, MJ, 345 Merrill, AH, Jr, 516 Miyata, T, 384 Moffat, K, 995 Moore, PB, 258 Moras, D, 410 Moult, J, 946 Murali, R, 997
Nixon, PJ, 546
Owicki, JC, 647
Pai, EF, 796, 941
Parce, JW, 647 Parekh, RB, 750 Patthy, L, 351 Pearson, WR, 321 Prendergast, FG, 1054
Quiocho, FA, 709, 922
Radzicka, A, 780 Raleigh, DP, 984 Redfield, C, 1036 Reiss-Husson, F, 506 Reizer, J, 362 Rice, P, 647 Riggs, AF, 915 Rosenbusch, JP, 539
Saenger, W, 130 Saier, MH, Jr, 362 Salemme, FR, 603 Sander, C, 630 Schachter, H, 755 Schimmel, P, 811 Schirmer, 1", 539 Schmidt, RR, 721 Schulz, GE, 883 Seeman, NC, 653 Sen, D, 435 Shakked, Z, 446 Sharon, N, 741 Sharp, KA, 171 Sligar, SG, 611 Small, DM, 499 Smith, JL, 1002 Spudich, JA, 264 Steitz, TA, 139 Stephenson, FA, 569 Stern, AS, 1036 Stokes, DL, 555 Stroud, RM, 826 Strynadka, NCJ, 905 Stubbe, JA, 788 Swindells, MB, 219
Taylor, WR, 327 Thornton, JM, 219 Tinoco, I, Jr, 405 Tirrell, DA, 638 Tittor, J, 534 Tullius, TD, 428
Uhlenbeck, OC, 459
Varani, G, 405 Vervoort, J, 889 Villafranca, J J, 821 Vyas, NK, 732
Wada, GH, 647
© Current Biology Ud ISSN 0959-440X xi
xii
Wagner, C;, 995 Walsh, CT, 771 Walter, P, 251 Warrick HM, 264 Watenpaugh, KD, 1012 Wells, JA, 603
Wemmer, DE, 452 Widom, J, 245 Wilson, C, 617 Wimberly, B, 405 Wolfenden, R, 780 Wolin, SL, 251
Xiao, B, 934
Yarden, Y, 582
Zemlin, F, 1023 Zoller, MJ, 605
Cumulative index to subjects Volume 1 1991
A-factor export protein, 366 ABC transporters, 590 ABL subfamily, 379 ABO system, 759 ABP, 281, 282 Absorption spectrum, retinal, 577 Acceptor, of tRNA, 137, 813 Acceptor~elix subdomain, 814 Acetyl-pepstatin, 885 Acetylation, of histones, 245 Acetylcholine receptor
muscarinic, 575, 648 nicotinic, 569, 1026
Acetylcholinesterase, 523, 525 Acholeplasma laidlawii, 721-722 Achromobacter cycloclastes, nitrate reductase, 900 Acriflavine, 593 Actin
ATP hydrolysis, 273 binding sites, 274, 281 domain structure, 271 electron microscopy, 278 filaments, 264, 281-284
atomic model, 276-277 disordered, 277 structure, 274
monomer and polymer, 270, 271 organization into bundles, 281 ribbon hypothesis, 277 stability, 270 structure and function, 270-278, 281 X-ray studies, 278
Actin-DNAase complex, 278, 281 Actin-myosin complex, 265 Actin-profilin complex, 271,277 alpha-Actinin, 281, 282 Actinomyces spp., 745 Activation
free energy, 196 of lipase, 884
Active sites of glutathione reductase, 958 of isocitrate dehydrogenase, 829, 831, 833 of Klenow fragment, 123, 131-132 of beta-lactamases, 948 of lipoamide dehydrogenase, 958 of mercuric ion reductase, 799, 959 of phospholipase A2, 840, 841 of protein disulfide isomerase, 36 of proteinase inhibitor, 46 of proteinases, 4, 46, 49 of ribonuclease, 132, 133 of RNA synthetase, 138 of serine proteases, 323 of trypanothione reductase, 958
Active transport systems, 366, 922-931 Acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, 954, 955 Acyl coenzyme A reductase, 960 Acylation, of beta-lactamases, 949 Adenosine deaminase, 781,821-822, 978, 981 Adenoviruses, 292, 998 Adenylate cyclase, 363, 366, 818 Adenylate kinase
activation, 906 complex with substrate, 943 conformational changes, 884-886
Adhesion cell-cell, 766-769 inhibitors, 746 of pathogens, 746
Adhesion proteins, 640, 745 ADP~actin, 270, 271 ADP/ATP carrier, mitochondial, 506, 507 ADR1 protein, yeast, 63-64 Adrenergic receptor, 396 Adriamycin, 441 Aerolysin, 539 Affinity potential, 192 Affinity selection, 621 Aggregation
of proteins, 4, 32, 39 of synthetic peptides, 987-988
Aida, 634-635 ALADDIN, 214 Alamethicin, 186-187 Alanine tRNA synthetase, 813 Alanine-scanning mutagenesis, 606 Alcaligenes denitrificans, azurin, 897 Alcaligenes faecalis, nitrite reductase, 900 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 618 Aldophosphamide, 727 Algebra, linear, in NMR analysis, 1044, 1046 Algorithms
dynamic programming, 337 for image processing, 1037 for metalloprotein engineering, 633 for molecular modelling, 219, 220 multiple-alignment, 324, 328 for NMR studies, 1036-1039 optimization, in crystallography, 1017 pattern search, 899 for rigid-body superposition, 336 search, selectivity vs. sensitivity, 321 for sequence-symmetry minimization, 653-655, 656 simulated annealing, 1017 for structural analysis, 346 for structure refinement, 1018 for substrate specificity, 619 Taylor series, 1045 for tRNA motif identification, 412
Alignments
P © Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0959-440X xiii
xiv Index to subjects
consensus, 327 multiple, 323, 328 pairwise, 323, 328 sequence-based, 339 tree-based, 327
ALISON, software, 1038 Alkyl ethers, force fields, 204 AIIosteric effects
in hemoglobin, 915 in phosphorylation, 826, 828, 834 structural aspects, 773-778
Alpha4, synthetic protein, 988 Alpha-helix see also helix, 338, 348
antiparallel, 988 in bacteriorhodopsin, 534, 1024 barrel, 71, 104 bundle, 25, 71, 104 dipole, 18 in DNA contact surface, 75-76 formation, 25, 29 in glucocorticoid receptor, 66 in light-harvesting complex, 1025 in praying mantis ootheca protein, 1025 propensity, 19 protected amides in, 29 in reaction centres, 506 stability, 986 in zinc-finger peptides, 64-65
Alpha/beta barrel see also TIM barrel, 328, 339, 348, 981,980, 989
Alpha/beta structure, of binding proteins, 924 Alzheimer's disease, 565 Amalgam, 387 Amaranthus hybridus, 549 AMBER (assisted model building with energy refinement), 193, 203, 204, 206, 718 Amicyanin, 898 Amide
groups, interactions with nucleic acid, 89 hydrogen bond, 198 hydrogens, 23-24, 29
Amine oxidases, 902, 968, 969-970 Amino acid decarboxylases, 968 Amino acid residues
buried, 347 in de novo proteins, 630-631 functional, identification, 606 in heme pocket, 915, 917-918 in native and mutant insulin, 935-939
Amino acid sequence of DNA polymerases, 125-126 of DNA topoisomerases, 99 of DNA-binding proteins, 71 of gag gene products, 65-66 of immunoglobulins, 53, 55 in leucine zipper, 74 of P-type pumps, 555 of repressor proteins, 84 of RNA synthetases, 137, 139
of T cell receptors, 57 of transport proteins, 590, 593 of zinc fingers, 64
Amino acid transporter, AroP, 365 Amino acids
active transport, 923 hydration, 341, 345 interchange, 341 non-standard, 347, 989-990 recognition by tRNA, 137
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases see RNA synthetases Aminoacylaction, of minihelices, 813-814 Ammonium sulphate, as cosolvent, 10 AMP deaminase, 784 Amphiphilicity, of designed proteins, 991 Amsacrine, 101 Amycolatatopsis orientalis, 726 Amylase, 732, 909, 981 Amylose, end-to-end distances, 712 Anabaena, ferredoxin, 964 Ancestry, common see homology Angiotensinogen, 216 Angle
deformation, 206 dihedral, 198
Aniline hydroxylase, 990 Anion exchangers, 808 Anisotropy
of anomalous scattering, 1004 distribution, 193 fluorescence and phosphorescence, 191, 507, 1054-1055
Ankyrin, 281, 284 Annealing see simulated annealing Annelids, hemoglobin, 918-919 Annexins, 330, 884, 886 Anomeric ratio, of simple sugars, 713 ANS, fluorescent probe, 984 Anthracycline antibiotics, binding to DNA, 440 Anthramycin, 444 Anti-CD 15, 767 Anti-cancer agents, binding to DNA, 215 Antibiotics
and DNA topoisomerases, 99-100 glycopeptide, 726 transport proteins, 599594
Antibodies anti-idiotope, 57 catalytic, 626-628, 784 chimeric, 624 cloning, 608 combining sites, 56 engineered, 624~628 functional domains, 624 McPC, 603, 234 monoclonal, 22, 56-57, 624 production, 53 specificity, 626 structure, 56 therapeutic power, 626 to p-azophenylarsonate, 55-56 to lysozyme, 232, 233